Preparation of High Capacitive Performance Porous Carbon Assisted by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

doi:10.6023/A21010007

Abstract

Benefiting from the inducing effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) during the polymerization process of melamine and formaldehyde, melamine resin (MF)-derived porous carbon materials with high nitrogen and oxygen content have been synthesized via an annealing-followed water bath method in this work. To study the effect of SDS on the synthesis and properties of MF-derived porous carbon materials, the microstructure and composition of as-prepared samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It can be seen from SEM images that sample of the best additive amount (MFC-SDS30) has the interpenetrating network structure, which is conducive to the rapid transfer of electrons and electrolyte ions. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms indicate that all samples have large specific surface area (SSA) and more micropores/mesopores, which are caused by the pyrolysis of SDS at 700 ℃. MFC-SDS30 has the largest SSA (387.86 m²?g^-1) and a suitable pore size distribution (3.62 nm), which effectively improve the ion diffusion mobility and shorten the ion diffusion pathways. Interestingly, the XPS results show that MFC-SDS30 has high N atom content (15.5 at.%) and O atom content (6.5 at.%) without any additional doped treatment, so the abundant pseudocapacitance is contributed through the rapid N/O atoms redox reaction. Due to the above structural characteristics, MFC-SDS30 exhibits high specific capacitance value (C_sp) of 349.6 F?g^-1 at 1.0 A?g^-1, and the C_sp (254.6 F?g^-1) at 20.0 A?g^-1 still maintains 73.0% of that at 1.0 A?g^-1, showing good capacitive performance as electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). The C_sp of MFC-SDS30 has almost no attenuation after 15000 cycles at 10.0 A?g^-1, which possesses good cycle stability. Besides, the maximum energy density of symmetrical SCs based on MFC-SDS30 is 9.2 Wh?kg^-1 at the power density of 250 W?kg^-1, and the energy density still reaches 4.0 Wh?kg^-1 at 5000 W?kg^-1, which is better than many reported carbon materials. Therefore, MF-derived porous carbon materials assisted by SDS can be a promising electrode material for SCs by means of a green and efficient method.

Key words: melamine formaldehyde resin, sodium lauryl sulfate, hierarchical porous structure, high nitrogen and oxygen content, high capacitive performance

Cite this article

Jianchao Jiao, Yuxin Zhu, Xiaowei Peng, Shihang Jin, Yunqiang Zhang, Mei Li. Preparation of High Capacitive Performance Porous Carbon Assisted by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(6): 778-786.

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Fig. & Tab. 8

Figure 1. SEM images of samples: (a) MF-0, (b, c) MFC-0, (d) MF-SDS30 and (e, f) MFC-SDS30

Figure 2. (a) XRD spectra, (b) Raman spectra, (c) the FTIR spectra, (d) TGA curves of samples

Figure 3. (a) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, (b) pore size distribution for samples

Sample	S_BET^a/ (m²•g^-1)	S_micro^b/ (m²•g^-1)	S_meso/macro^c/ (m²•g^-1)	V_tot^d/ (cm³•g^-1)	V_micro^e/ (cm³•g^-1)	Average pore size/ nm
MFC-0	82.18	14.14	68.04	0.18	0.01	13.36
MFC-SDS20	321.50	241.20	80.30	0.21	0.19	2.58
MFC-SDS30	387.86	283.03	104.83	0.29	0.26	3.62
MFC-SDS40	251.05	231.47	19.58	0.14	0.12	2.23

Table 1. Pore textural data of samples

Figure 4. High-resolution XPS scans for (a) C 1s, (b) N 1s, (c) O 1s of the MFC-0 and (d) C 1s, (e) N 1s, (f) O 1s of the MF-SDS30, (g~i) relative atom contents in the samples

Sample	C/at.%	N/at.%	O/at.%
MFC-SDS30	78.0	15.5	6.5
MFC-0	76.0	15.1	8.9

Table 2. Elemental atomic ratio of MFC-SDS30 and MFC-0

Figure 5. Electrochemical performance of samples: (a) CV curves at 10 mV?s-1, (b) GCD curves at 1.0 A?g-1, (c) Nyquist plots, (d) the Csp at different current densities. Electrochemical performance of MFC-SDS30: (e) CV curves at 10~100 mV?s-1, (f) GCD curves at 0.2~20.0 A?g-1

Figure 6. Electrochemical performance of the MFC-SDS30 symmetric SCs in 2.0 mol?L-1 H2SO4: (a) CV curves at 10~100 mV?s-1, (b) GCD curves at 0.5~10.0 A?g-1, (c) Nyquist plots, (d) the Csp at different current densities, (e) cycle stability at 10 A?g-1of MFC-SDS30, (f) Ragone plot of symmetrical SCs based on MFC-SDS30 (power density vs. energy density)

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