Advances on Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbons

doi:10.6023/A21050224

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 79 ›› Issue (10): 1214-1231.DOI: 10.6023/A21050224 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

典型芳香烃大气氧化机理研究进展

宋梦迪, 刘莹, 李歆^*(), 陆思华

北京大学环境科学与工程学院环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室教育部区域污染控制国际合作联合实验室北京 100871

投稿日期:2021-05-20 发布日期:2021-08-02
通讯作者: 李歆

作者简介:

宋梦迪, 博士研究生, 2019年进入北京大学环境科学与工程学院. 主要研究方向为芳香烃氧化机理及环境效应, 大气挥发性有机物的特征、来源与二次转化, 臭氧污染成因.

刘莹, 博士, 北京大学环境科学与工程学院副研究员. 2007年获北京大学博士学位. 主要研究方向为城市和区域大气有机碳的活性和来源、化学行为及环境影响等, 包括健全和完善有机物在线质谱技术, 开展我国高污染和强氧化性条件下含氧有机物的二次转化机制和化学演变特征、活性有机物的来源及其对二次污染贡献、二次有机气溶胶形成机制等关键科学问题的研究. 承担和参加多项国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划、环保部公益项目等.

李歆, 博士, 北京大学环境科学与工程学院青年千人计划研究员, 博士生导师. 2010 年获得北京大学博士学位, 2014年9月~2016年6月就职于德国Juelich研究中心对流层研究所. 2016 年获得北京大学职位. 主要研究方向为大气活性物种的在线监测技术与来源转化机制, 致力于大气氧化性构成和演变特征、一次污染物大气氧化产生二次污染的化学反应机制、识别影响大气氧化进程的关键化学和物理要素等研究. 承担和参与多项国家自然科学基金委项目和国家重点研发计划项目.

陆思华, 北京大学环境科学与工程学院, 教授级高工. 主要研究方向为区域大气有机污染物的来源、转化、环境影响等. 研究工作主要包括: 城市和区域大气VOCs的组成特征及环境影响、VOCs重点行业污染源排放特征及污染来源解析、大气中VOCs和SVOCs分析测试技术及质控等. 近年来, 作为课题负责人或课题骨干, 负责和参加了大气重污染成因与治理公关项目、科技部大气重点研发计划、国家环保公益性行业科研专项及横向协作等多项科研工作.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(91844301); 国家自然科学基金(91644108)

Advances on Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Mengdi Song, Ying Liu, Xin Li(), Sihua Lu

State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2021-05-20 Published:2021-08-02
Contact: Xin Li
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(91844301); National Natural Science Foundation of China(91644108)

Aromatic hydrocarbons are important precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols in the urban atmosphere, which have important impact on air pollution, climate change and human health. Thus the research on the oxidation mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons has become one of the most challenging hotspots topics in atmospheric environmental chemistry. This paper reviews the recent studies of aromatic hydrocarbons oxidation mechanism, discusses the reaction channels and influencing factors during the oxidation process under high/low NO_x conditions, and focuses on new discoveries and new theories in the studies of aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation reactions. In the atmosphere, the initiation of aromatic hydrocarbons is dominated by the reaction with the OH radicals. According to the different reaction products, the oxidation reaction of aromatic hydrocarbon is mainly divided into aldehyde pathway, phenolic pathway, bicyclic RO₂ pathway and epoxide pathway. With the development of new theories such as the formation of polyhydroxy compounds by aldehyde pathway, alkoxy radical epoxidation reaction, intramolecular H-migration reaction of bicyclic peroxy radicals, 1,5-aldehydic H-shift reaction, and the generation of low-carbon products by CO-loss reaction, the understanding of aromatic hydrocarbons oxidation mechanisms has improved. However, due to the carbon missing and radical budgets imbalance problems in the existing oxidation mechanism, our understanding about the subsequent O₃ and secondary organic aerosols formation mechanisms are very limited. Theoretical calculation and experiment are the main methods to study the oxidation mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons. Mass spectrometry and spectroscopy are the dominant measurement techniques for the oxidation intermediates of aromatic hydrocarbons. Online mass spectrometry can capture the tracer intermediates at the molecular level, which plays an important role in revealing the oxidation mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons. In recent years, tracer measurement technology, especially chromatography-mass spectrometry technology has developed rapidly. This open up a new direction for the accurate measurement of intermediates and the improvement of aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism. On this basis, improving aromatic hydrocarbons oxidation mechanism, paying attention to the carbon missing and radical budgets imbalance in the oxidation reaction, and exploring the environmental implication of aromatic hydrocarbons oxidation in the real atmospheric conditions are expected to become the important directions of aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation study in the future.

Key words: aromatic hydrocarbon, aldehyde pathway, phenolic pathway, bicyclic RO₂ pathway, H-migration

Cite this article

Mengdi Song, Ying Liu, Xin Li, Sihua Lu. Advances on Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbons[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(10): 1214-1231.

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Fig. & Tab. 18

Figure 1. Effects of typical aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation on air quality, climate change and human health. abs: abstraction reaction; add: addition reaction; HOMs: highly oxygenated organic molecules; GYL: glyoxal; MGYL: methylglyoxal; NPF: new particle formation; CCN: cloud condensation nuclei; BrC: brown carbon

Figure 2. Summary of yields of toluene oxidation products in different studies[25,30⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-50]. The solid box represents the product yield study with NOx participation, while the slash box represents the product yield study without NOx participation

Species	Reaction with OH	Reaction with NO₃	Reaction with O₃
Species	×10^-12(cm³• molecule^-1•s^-1)	×10^-15(cm³• molecule^-1•s^-1)	×10^-20(cm³• molecule^-1•s^-1)
Benzene	1.22	<0.03
Toluene	5.63	0.07	<1
Ethylbenzene	7	<0.6
o-Xylene	13.6	0.41
m-Xylene	23.1	0.26
p-Xylene	14.3	0.5
1,2,3-TMB^a	32.7	1.9
1,2,4- TMB^a	32.5	1.8
1,3,5- TMB^a	56.7	8.8

Table 1. The reaction rate of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds with OH, NO3 and O3 radicals[4,59,64]

Scheme 1. OH-Initiated oxidation reaction of toluene. abs: abstraction, add: addition

Figure 3. In the theoretical calculation study, literature yield of products initiated by OH-initiated oxidation reaction of aromatic hydrocarbon[38,57,62,66,69⇓-71]

Scheme 2. The main reaction pathway of aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation (taking toluene as an example). T: Toluene, Me: Methyl, yl: Carbon-based radical, B: bicyclic compound, Tri: tricyclic compound, C: hydroxy cyclohexane/hydroxyl cyclohexene or hydroxyl cyclohexadiene, P: peroxide bridge, E: epoxide bridge, O: alkoxy radical, OO: peroxy radical

Scheme 3. Reaction mechanism of cresol with OH radical under high and low NOx conditions[29]. Reactions that have been included in the MCM mechanism are shown in black, reactions that proposed by Schwantes et al.[29] are shown in blue, reactions that occur under high NOx conditions are shown in pink box, and reactions that occur under low NOx conditions are shown in blue box

Scheme 4. Tricyclic peroxy bridge carbon-based radical formed by bicyclic RO2 cyclic polymerization reaction

Scheme 5. The addition reaction of TriCPE-yl radical with O2

Scheme 6. Bimolecular reactions of RO2 with NO, HO2 and RO2. Rnitrate represent the bifurcation ratio of organic nitrate product channels produced by reaction of RO2 with NO. The branching ratio of each reaction in Scheme 6 refers to the study by Jenkin et al.[88]

Scheme 7. Aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation intermediate product alkoxy radical epoxidation reaction

Scheme 8. Fates of epoxides formation during aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism[23,58]

Scheme 9. RO ring open reactions during aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism. Mechanism (a) was refer to MCM (http://mcm.leeds.ac.uk/MCM-devel/roots.htt). Mechanism (b) refers to the research of Wu et al.[62]. Mechanism (c) refers to the research of Wang et al.[28] and Xu et al.[27]

Scheme 10. RO2 H-Migrations reaction during aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism

Scheme 11. Aldehydic H-shift reactions during aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism[27]

Figure 4. Development of researches on oxidation mechanism of aromatic hydrocarbons in recent 20 years[13,24,26⇓⇓-29,34,37-38,51,60,62,73,82,118,130,133⇓⇓⇓⇓-138]. The year in the figure represents the references' publish year

Figure 5. Common measure methods of the main aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation intermediate product and radicals[26-27,29,45,147⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-168]. The compounds in the figure are examples of each type of intermediate oxidation product. PTR: proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry, CIMS: chemical ionization mass spectrometer, DOAS: differential optical absorption spectroscopy, CRDS: cavity ring down spectroscopy, CEAS: cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy, FTIR: Fourier transform infrared, LIF: laser-induced fluorescence

Figure 6. Summary of the proportion of the main oxidation pathways of aromatic hydrocarbons and the yield of intermediate products in theoretical calculation and laboratory research[24-25,27,30⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-41,44⇓⇓⇓-48,50,62,119,133,135]. ETHBEN: ethyl benzene, a represent the result of MCM mechanism (http://mcm.york.ac.uk/), b represent the study of Birdsall and Elrod[34], c represent the study of Wang et al.[24], d represent the study of Xu et al. [27], e represent the study of Wu et al.[62], f represent the study of Ji et al.[38], g represent the study of Li and Wang[133]

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典型芳香烃大气氧化机理研究进展

Advances on Atmospheric Oxidation Mechanism of Typical Aromatic Hydrocarbons

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