Effect of Additive Methylammonium Chloride on the Photovoltaic Performance of FAPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells

doi:10.6023/A26010027

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 84 ›› Issue (9): 1497-1506.DOI: 10.6023/A26010027 Previous Articles Next Articles

Article

添加剂氯化甲铵对FAPbBr₃钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能影响研究

文洁^a, 陈洁^a, 郭焕焕^b^,^*(), 汪佳艳^a, 郑松志^a, 殷逍遥^a, 朱文昊^a, 吴韫佳^a, 孙伟海^a^,^*()

^a 华侨大学材料科学与工程学院物理化学研究所环境友好功能材料教育部工程研究中心福建省光电功能材料重点实验室厦门 361021
^b 邢台学院化学工程与生物技术学院河北邢台 054001

投稿日期:2026-01-26 发布日期:2026-08-17
通讯作者: 郭焕焕, 孙伟海
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(61804058); 华侨大学中青年教师科研提升资助计划(ZQN-706); 河北省教育厅科学研究项目(BJK2022068); 河北省引进留学人员资助项目(C20220306); 邢台学院教育教学研究与实践项目(JGZ24002)

Effect of Additive Methylammonium Chloride on the Photovoltaic Performance of FAPbBr₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

Jie Wen^a, Jie Chen^a, Huanhuan Guo^b^,^*(), Jiayan Wang^a, Songzhi Zheng^a, Xiaoyao Yin^a, Wenhao Zhu^a, Yunjia Wu^a, Weihai Sun^a^,^*()

^a School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Engineering Research Center of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education. Fujian Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Institute of Materials Physical Chemistry, Xiamen 361021, China
^b School of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Xingtai University, Hebei 054001, China

Received:2026-01-26 Published:2026-08-17
Contact: Huanhuan Guo, Weihai Sun
Supported by:
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(61804058); Young and Middle-aged Teachers' Scientific Research Promotion Program of Huaqiao University(ZQN-706); Scientific Research Project of the Education Department of Hebei Province(BJK2022068); Overseas Returnees Support Program of Hebei Province(C20220306); Education and Teaching Research and Practice Project of Xingtai University(JGZ24002)

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Abstract

In recent years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been regarded as core competitors in the next generation of photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency, low cost, and tunable bandgap. Among them, FAPbBr₃ perovskite has attracted attention due to its wide bandgap characteristics (≈2.23 eV) and high wet heat stability, but its photovoltaic performance is limited by problems such as poor crystal quality, high defect density, and severe carrier recombination. To enhance the performance of FAPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells, this study successfully fabricated devices with an FTO/TiO₂/FAPbBr₃-MACl/C structure by incorporating methylammonium chloride (MACl) into the precursor solution. The effect of MACl mass fraction in the MACl-FABr methanol solution on the crystallization kinetics and film morphology of FAPbBr₃ was systematically investigated. Results indicate that MACl acts as an effective crystallization modulator, facilitating the formation of larger and more uniform grains and producing a compact, pinhole-free film with complete substrate coverage. This structural optimization significantly improved the crystallinity of the perovskite layer, thereby effectively suppressing defect-assisted charge recombination and laying a critical material foundation for enhancing the device's power conversion efficiency. The devices were fabricated using a thin-film deposition process: a TiO₂ electron transport layer was first deposited onto cleaned FTO substrates via treatment with a TiCl₄ aqueous solution. A two-step spin-coating procedure was then applied to deposit PbBr₂ and FABr solutions sequentially, followed by annealing at 150  ℃ to form the FAPbBr₃ perovskite layer. Finally, a low-temperature carbon paste was screen-printed as the counter electrode and cured. The morphological, structural, and photophysical properties of the films were thoroughly characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy, and current density-voltage (J-V) measurements. These analyses confirmed that the fabricated devices exhibit high-quality film formation and promising photovoltaic performance. Research shows that when the MACl doping concen- tration is 10%, an optimal device was fabricated, achieving a record open-circuit voltage (V_OC) of 1.62 V, a short-circuit current density (J_SC) of 8.21 mA•cm⁻², a fill factor (FF) of 83.73%, and a resulting power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.14%, which represents the highest level in the field of FAPbBr₃ devices, outperforming all previously reported data of the same category.

Key words: FAPbBr₃ perovskite solar cells, MACl additive, all-bromide perovskite, two-step solution spin coating, additive engineering

Cite this article

Jie Wen, Jie Chen, Huanhuan Guo, Jiayan Wang, Songzhi Zheng, Xiaoyao Yin, Wenhao Zhu, Yunjia Wu, Weihai Sun. Effect of Additive Methylammonium Chloride on the Photovoltaic Performance of FAPbBr₃ Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(9): 1497-1506.

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Fig. & Tab. 9

	Device structure	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA•cm⁻²)	FF/%	PCE/%
二氧化锡修饰^[17]	FTO/SnO₂/FAPbBr₃/carbon	1.57	8.35	82.8	10.86
溴化铯掺杂^[18]	ITO/SnO₂/FAPbBr₃/carbon	1.47	8.43	72.3	8.97
尿素掺杂^[19]	FTO/TiO₂/FAPbBr₃/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au	1.57	7.67	70.0	8.49
PEABr修饰^[20]	FTO/TiO₂/FAPbBr₃/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au	1.39	8.80	77.6	9.40
Li修饰^[21]	FTO/TiO₂/FAPbBr₃/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au	1.53	7.30	71.0	8.20
本工作	FTO/TiO₂/FAPbBr₃/carbon	1.62	8.21	83.7	11.14

Table 1. Performance comparison of reported FAPbBr3 perovskite solar cells

Figure 1. SEM images (a), (b), (e), (f) and corresponding particle size distribution histograms (c), (d), (g), (h) of PVK films spin-coated with MACl solutions at different concentrations; Surface element analysis chart of blank group and experimental group (i, j)

Figure 2. 2D AFM (a, b) and 3D AFM (c, d) patterns of PVK films with and without MACl modification, (e) XRD patterns and (f) local magnified XRD patterns of films spin-coated with different concentrations of MACl; (g) Br XPS spectrum of the 10% MACl-doped film; (h) corresponding Cl XPS spectrum

Figure 3. (a) UV-vis spectra; (b) Tauc plots; (c) PL spectra; (d) TRPL spectra of the blank group and PVK films doped with different concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%) of MACl modification

Sample	τ_ave/ns	A₁/%	τ₁/ns	A₂/%	τ₂/ns
Pristine	24.13	68.48	16.07	31.50	41.67
5% MACl	24.24	56.85	10.29	43.15	42.64
10% MACl 15% MACl	43.41 34.52	45.73 48.63	13.05 8.35	54.27 51.37	68.99 59.30

Table 2. TRPL parameters of PVK film with and without MACl introduction

Figure 4. (a) J-V characteristic curves of PSCs devices for the blank group and different concentrations of MACl doping; PSCs devices of the blank group and 10% MACl doping: (b, c) forward and reverse scan J-V characteristic curves, (d) steady-state output curve, (e) EQE and JSC curves, and (f~i) histograms of JSC, VOC, FF, and PCE for 20 independent devices

Sample (mg•mL⁻¹)	V_oc/V	J_sc/(mA•cm⁻²)	FF/%	PCE/%
Pristine	1.53	7.62	75.66	8.81
5% MACl	1.57	7.71	77.86	9.42
10% MACl	1.62	8.21	83.73	11.14
15% MACl	1.58	7.72	78.86	9.62

Table 3. J-V photovoltaic performance parameters

Figure 5. (a) M-S curves, (b) C-V curves, (c) The dark-state EIS Nyquist spectrum, (d) The dark-state J-V characteristic curves, (e) TPC, (f) TPV and the intensity dependence curves of (g) JSC and (h) VOC for the devices of pristine and doped group FAPbBr3 PSCs

Figure 6. 30-day evolution of (a) PCE, (b) VOC, (c) JSC and (d) FF for PSCs with and without MACl modification

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添加剂氯化甲铵对FAPbBr₃钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能影响研究

Effect of Additive Methylammonium Chloride on the Photovoltaic Performance of FAPbBr₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

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添加剂氯化甲铵对FAPbBr3钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能影响研究