Transparent Photovoltaics Based on Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Efficiency Bottlenecks, Material Design, and Future Prospects

doi:10.6023/A25080292

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 84 ›› Issue (1): 160-172.DOI: 10.6023/A25080292 Previous Articles Next Articles

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基于发光太阳能聚光器的透明光伏技术: 效率瓶颈、材料设计与前景展望

黄静^a^,^*(), 赵乐妍^a^,^b, 徐勃^c

^a 南京理工大学环境与生物工程学院南京 210094
^b 南京理工大学中法工程师学院南京 210094
^c 南京理工大学化学与化工学院南京 210094

投稿日期:2025-08-28 发布日期:2025-10-16

作者简介:

黄静, 博士, 南京理工大学环境与生物工程学院副教授, 硕士生导师. 主要从事基于量子点的光伏器件和发光器件的研究, 尤其在发光太阳能聚光器-光伏组件方面的研究.

赵乐妍, 2025年南京理工大学在读硕士研究生, 主要从事铜铟硫量子点基发光太阳能聚光器的制备与应用研究.

徐勃, 博士, 南京理工大学化学与化工学院教授, 博士生导师. 主要研究方向为能源光电材料与器件, 聚焦于光伏电池与发光显示等领域.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(62304108); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(30923011030); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(30925020113)

Transparent Photovoltaics Based on Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Efficiency Bottlenecks, Material Design, and Future Prospects

Jing Huang^a^,^*(), Leyan Zhao^a^,^b, Bo Xu^c

^a School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
^b Sino-French Engineer School, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
^c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Received:2025-08-28 Published:2025-10-16
Contact: * E-mail: jinghuang@njust.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62304108); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30923011030); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30925020113)

Transparent photovoltaic (TPV), with its high light transmittance, can be seamlessly integrated into buildings and various daily-life scenarios, offering an innovative solution for energy conservation and emission reduction in high-density cities. However, before large-scale application, several key technical challenges must be addressed, including enhancing the power conversion efficiency of large-area devices while maintaining high visual comfort, and simultaneously optimizing device stability and cost control. To tackle these challenges, this review focuses on the technical characteristics of a novel TPV technology: the luminescent solar concentrator-photovoltaic (LSC-PV) devices. These characteristics include high solar energy utilization, a straightforward fabrication process, and flexible product design. Confronting the technical bottleneck of efficiency limitations in large-area LSC-PVs, this paper analyzes the factors influencing the optical efficiency of LSCs. It highlights strategies for improving the photoluminescence quantum yield of luminescent materials within LSCs through synthesis or post-synthetic modification, and for enhancing the waveguide efficiency of LSC devices by suppressing the absorption-emission spectral overlap integral of luminescent materials within the polymer matrix, ultimately aiming to achieve high-efficiency LSC-PV devices. Finally, by introducing the integration technology of LSCs with other functional devices, it demonstrates that TPV technology, particularly LSC-PV-based TPV, through continuous technological iteration and system optimization, will become a crucial technical pathway for achieving the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" strategic goals.

Key words: transparent photovoltaics, luminescent solar concentrators, optical efficiency, photoluminescence quantum yield, fluorophores/polymer nanocomposites

Cite this article

Jing Huang, Leyan Zhao, Bo Xu. Transparent Photovoltaics Based on Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Efficiency Bottlenecks, Material Design, and Future Prospects[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(1): 160-172.

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Fig. & Tab. 8

Figure 1. (a) Structure of transparent photovoltaic; (b) Skylight roof with CdTe power generation glass, Building 7, Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Western China[9]; (c) Organic photovoltaic products[11]; (d) Sound barrier prototype based on LSC-TPV[12]; (e) PCE and AVT requirements for transparent photovoltaic applications in different areas[13]

TPV	Active area/cm²	AVT/%	PCE/%	LUE/%	Ref.
c-Si	36	20	12.2	2.44	[10]
a-Si	0.25	29.3	6.41	1.88	[14]
CIGS	0.25	18.6	6.46	1.20	[15]
CIGS	—	12.3	10.5	1.29	[16]
CdTe	—	43	0.41	0.18	[17]
OPV	1.05	38.7	12.95	5.00	[18]
Perovskite	0.1	22	14.21	3.13	[19]
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell	14	26	8.7	2.26	[20]
CuInS₂/ZnS QDs-LSC	81	54	3.56	1.24	[21]
CuInS₂/ZnS QDs-LSC	841	51	1.36	0.42	[21]

Table 1. An overview of TPV device based on different technologies

Figure 2. (a) Structure of luminescent solar concentrators; (b) Design freedom of luminescent solar concentrators with colour tunability[40], flexibility[41], and shape diversity[42]; (c) Mechanical properties and thermal and acoustic insulation of the LSC as a building material, compared with regular glass[43]; (d) Model house based on LSC-solar power windows[44]

Figure 3. (a) Analysis of internal optical losses in the LSC device; (b) Optical efficiency versus side length of square LSC devices for waveguide media with different absorption coefficients[47]; (c) Optical efficiency versus scattering length for LSC devices with luminophores of different PLQY (top) and Optical efficiency versus side length of square LSC devices for luminophores with different reabsorption coefficients (bottom)[47]

Figure 4. (a) Molecular structure and UV-Vis absorption-photoluminescence (PL) spectra of blue fluorescent dye C8-BTBT-Ox2-C8, and (b) Large-area LSC device based on this dye[53]; (c) UV-Vis absorption-PL spectra of CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots, and (d) Large-area LSC device based on these quantum dots[21]; (e) PL spectra of undoped (purple) and Yb-doped (dark red) CsPbCl3 nanocrystals with corresponding absorption spectra shown in the inset; (f) total (dark red), face (light red), and edge (orange) emissions measured for a 5 cm×5 cm QC-LSC using Yb3+-doped CsPbCl3 NCs[55]

Figure 5. (a) Reaction scheme for thiol-ene polymerization via Michael addition between thiol and ene groups; (b) Chemical structure of MMA and its polymerization to PMMA; (c) Chemical structure of LMA and its polymerization to PLMA with EGDMA as crosslinker in the system

Figure 6. (a) Absorption and emission spectra for the optimized blend of the donor-emitter mixture in PMMA[65]; (b) Absorption and photoluminescence spectra of TPA-BT[41]; (c) Absorption and PL spectra of CdSe/CdS QDs with enlarged Stokes shift achieved via thick-shell design[66]; (d) Significant 65-nm red shift in PL spectra of CuInS2/ZnS QDs embedded in OSTE polymer matrix, resulting in dramatically reduced spectral overlap integral[21]

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of LSC technology integrated with auxiliary technologies. (a) Schematic design of a double window made of LSC and white light-emitting glass for daytime (left) and nighttime (right)[71]; (b) Schematic of LSC as a VLC receiver in light[72]; (c) Structure and charging/discharging diagram of LSC-ECS[73]

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基于发光太阳能聚光器的透明光伏技术: 效率瓶颈、材料设计与前景展望

Transparent Photovoltaics Based on Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Efficiency Bottlenecks, Material Design, and Future Prospects

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