As an anode material for Li-ion capacitors (LICs), TiO₂ exhibits pseudocapacitive behavior, low sodium storage potential and small structural changes in lithium storage process. However, poor conductivity and slow ion diffusion lead to sluggish lithium storage kinetics. Using sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH₂PO₄) as a phosphorus source, P-doped TiO₂/C (P-TiO₂/C) nanotubes are prepared by a simple solvothermal method to improve the lithium storage performance of TiO₂. The P-TiO₂/C nanotubes composed of nanosheets grown vertically on the surface can provide effective contact areas between electrolyte and active materials. And the C and P in P-TiO₂/C are derived from the carbonization of alcohols and decomposition of NaH₂PO₄. P-doping easily causes P—O—Ti bond formed in TiO₂ by P⁵⁺ replacing part of Ti⁴⁺, which can effectively improve the conductivity of TiO₂. Electrochemical tests show that the P-TiO₂/C anode for Li-ion batteries exhibits a high specific capacity (335 mAh•g^-1 at a current density of 0.1 A•g^-1), excellent rate capability (92 mAh•g^-1 at a current density of 2.0 A•g^-1) and long cycle performance (135 mAh•g^-1 at a current density of 1.0 A•g^-1 after 1000 cycles). In addition, the pseudocapacitive contribution of P-TiO₂/C anode is about 96% at a scan rate of 2 mV•s^-1. The superior lithium storage performance of P-TiO₂/C nanotubes is derived from the P-doping in TiO₂, which can change the electron structure of TiO₂, which facilitates the electrons transport and lithium diffusion kinetics. The LICs assembled by P-TiO₂/C anodes and activated carbon cathodes have a high energy density of 74.7 Wh•kg^-1 at a power density of 250 W•kg^-1, which are higher than some LICs based on titanic-based compound anodes. And the capacity retention of the LICs is about 43% after 10000 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A•g^-1. In addition, after 10000 cycles test, a fully charged LICs can still light up the “LIC” model composed of 18 red LED lights. This work provides an idea for the design of TiO₂ anode materials for high-performance LICs.