Amine-Ligated Boryl Radicals: Generation and Synthetic Applications
Received date: 2025-12-23
Online published: 2026-01-28
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22201200)
Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LZ23B020001)
While radical chemistry has achieved significant progress over the past few decades, the development of boron-centered radical chemistry remains relatively delayed. Generally, boron radicals can be classified into two main categories based on their electronic structures: neutral boron radicals and Lewis base-ligated boryl radicals. Neutral boron radicals feature only five valence electrons, making them highly electron-deficient and extremely unstable species. This high electron deficiency and instability pose significant challenges to their direct application. In contrast, Lewis base-ligated boryl radicals (with seven electrons) exhibit markedly enhanced stability and more controllable reactivity, which has made them a current focus in boron chemistry. To date, numerous synthetic transformations have been developed using boryl radicals ligated by various Lewis bases such as N-heterocyclic carbenes, organophosphines, pyridines, alcohols, and amines. The generation and reactivity of these radicals are significantly influenced by the electronic and steric properties of their Lewis base ligands. Among them, amine-ligated boryl radicals, in which spin density is predominantly localized on the boron center, exhibit strong nucleophilic character and thus demonstrate unique reactivity. However, the early reliance on methods such as UV photolysis of peroxides or thermal decomposition of azo compounds to generate alkoxyl radicals, which subsequently promoted the formation of amine-ligated boryl radicals, posed a constraint on their widespread applications. In the past five years, the emergence of new theories and technologies in radical chemistry has enabled the expansion of methods for generating amine-ligated boryl radicals. These include novel catalytic systems (e.g., visible-light photocatalysis, visible-light-metal cooperative catalysis, photoelectrocatalysis) and new boryl radical precursors (e.g., amine-carboxyborane). This progress has vigorously promoted their widespread application in diverse synthetic transformations. This manuscript reviews advances in the generation of amine-ligated boryl radicals and summarizes their synthetic applications. It is divided into four sections according to the distinct reaction mechanisms involved: (1) hydrogen atom transfer; (2) radical addition reactions; (3) halogen atom transfer; (4) radical replacement. Finally, a brief outlook on future developments is provided.
Liao Wenquan , Ding Qiuping , Zhang Jun , Wu Jie . Amine-Ligated Boryl Radicals: Generation and Synthetic Applications[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026 , 84(3) : 385 -408 . DOI: 10.6023/A25120413
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