1 引言
2 结果与讨论
2.1 材料结构和表面成分分析
图2 (a) Zn-Sn@Zn, (b) Zn-Bi@Zn, (c) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn的SEM图, (d) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn电极截面Zn, Sn和Bi元素的EDS能谱图, (e) Zn-Sn@Zn、Zn-Bi@Zn和Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn的XRD谱图, (f) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn的XPS全谱图, (g) Zn, (h) Sn和(i) Bi元素的XPS高分辨谱图Figure 2 SEM images of (a) Zn-Sn@Zn, (b) Zn-Bi@Zn and (c) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn, (d) EDS elemental mapping images of Zn, Sn, and Bi elements in the cross-section of the Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrode, (e) XRD patterns of Zn-Sn@Zn, Zn-Bi@Zn and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn, XPS spectra of the Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrode: (f) survey spectrum, high-resolution XPS spectrum of (g) Zn, (h) Sn and (i) Bi |
2.2 电极抑制枝晶性能研究
图3 (a)裸锌循环100周过程的SEM和EDS, (b) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn循环100周过程的SEM和EDS, (c~f) 2 mol•L−1 ZnSO4电解液在Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn、Zn-Sn@Zn、Zn-Bi@Zn和裸锌上的接触角Figure 3 (a) SEM and EDS of bare zinc during 100 cycles, (b) SEM and EDS of Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn during 100 cycles, (c~f) Contact angles of 2 mol•L−1 ZnSO4 electrolyte on Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn, Zn-Sn@Zn, Zn-Bi@Zn, and bare Zn electrodes |
图4 (a) 2 mol•L−1的ZnSO4溶液中裸锌和(b) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn电极在5 mA•cm−2电流密度下的原位光学显微图, 裸锌、Zn-Sn@Zn、Zn-Bi@Zn和Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn的(c)对称电池LSV曲线, (d) Tafel曲线和(e) EIS曲线Figure 4 (a) In-situ optical microscopy images of the bare Zn electrode and (b) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrode in 2 mol•L−1 ZnSO4 electrolyte solution at a current density of 5 mA•cm−2, (c) LSV curves of symmetric cells based on bare Zn, Zn-Sn@Zn, Zn-Bi@Zn and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrodes, (d) Tafel plots of bare Zn, Zn-Sn@Zn, Zn-Bi@Zn, and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrodes, (e) EIS curves of symmetric cells based on bare Zn, Zn-Sn@Zn, Zn-Bi@Zn, and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrodes |
2.3 锌沉积/溶解行为及稳定性研究
图5 (a) -150 mV下的CA曲线, (b) 1 mV•s−1下的CV曲线, (c) 1 mA•cm−2, 1 mAh•cm−2下Bare Zn//Cu和Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn//Cu半电池的库仑效率, (d) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn, (e) Zn-Sn@Zn和(f) Zn-Bi@Zn电极的锌离子迁移数, (g)裸锌和Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn沉积过程示意图Figure 5 (a) CA curves at -150 mV, (b) CV curves at a scan rate of 1 mV•s−1, (c) Coulombic efficiency of bare Zn//Cu and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn//Cu half-cells under the condition of 1 mA•cm−2 (areal capacity: 1 mAh•cm−2), Zinc ion transference numbers of (d) Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn, (e) Zn-Sn@Zn, and (f) Zn-Bi@Zn electrodes, (g) Schematic illustrations of the Zn deposition process on the bare Zn and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrodes |
2.4 电化学循环的稳定性分析
图6 对称电池Bare Zn, Zn-Sn@Zn, Zn-Bi@Zn和Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn (a)在电流密度0.2 mA•cm−2 (面积容量: 0.2 mAh•cm−2)下的长循环性能, (b)在电流密度5 mA•cm−2 (面积容量: 1 mAh•cm−2)下的长循环性能, (c)在0.5至15 mA•cm−2不同电流密度下, 固定容量为1 mAh•cm−2的倍率性能, (d)经过100周循环后Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn电极的SEM图Figure 6 (a) Long-cycle performance of symmetric cells based on bare Zn, Zn-Sn@Zn, Zn-Bi@Zn, and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrodes at a current density of 0.2 mA•cm−2 (areal capacity: 0.2 mAh•cm−2) and (b) 5 mA•cm−2 (areal capacity: 1 mAh•cm−2), (c) Rate performance of the symmetric cells with a fixed capacity of 1 mAh•cm−2 under different current densities from 0.5 to 15 mA•cm−2, (d) SEM images of the Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn electrode after 100 cycles |
2.5 全电池稳定性分析
图7 Bare Zn//δ-MnO2和Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn//δ-MnO2全电池的(a) CV曲线, (b)在1 A•g−1下的容量曲线, (c) EIS图, (d)倍率性能, (e)在1 A•g−1条件下的长循环性能Figure 7 (a) CV curves, (b) capacity-voltage profile at a current density of 1 A•g−1, (c) EIS spectra, (d) rate capabilities, and (e) long-cycle performance at a current density of 1 A•g−1 of bare Zn//δ-MnO2 and Zn-Sn-Bi@Zn//δ-MnO2 cells |