1 引言
2 PDI结构及其光催化抗菌机制
2.1 PDI的分子结构与光电性质
图3 (a)自组装PDI超分子电子能级结构及可见光下催化反应机理模型示意图. 已获得参考文献[33]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2016 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (b) PDI分子间的π-π堆积层间距. 已获得参考文献[34]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2018 ElsevierFigure 3 (a) Schematic illustration of the electronic energy levels of self-assembled PDI supramolecules and the catalytic reaction mechanism under visible light. Reprinted with permission from ref. [33]. Copy right © 2016 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (b) π-π stacking interlayer distance between PDI molecules. Reprinted with permission from ref. [34]. Copy right © 2018 Elsevier |
2.2 光催化抗菌作用机制
3 光催化抗菌性能增强策略
3.1 光吸收与载流子分离效率的调控策略
图5 (a) PNU光催化抗菌的机理图. 已获得参考文献[43]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier. (b) Ag@AgCl/PDI复合体系中载流子分离示意图. 已获得参考文献[44]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier. (c) PTCDA与EDA-PTCDA的激发态电荷密度差异. (d)前沿轨道与能级. (e)光催化反应示意图. 已获得参考文献[47]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) D-A界面电场促进的光催化抗菌机理示意图. 已获得参考文献[48]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2016 Wiley-VCH GmbHFigure 5 (a) Schematic illustration of the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism of PNU. Reprinted with permission from ref. [43]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (b) Schematic diagram of charge carrier separation in the Ag@AgCl/PDI composite system. Reprinted with permission from ref. [44]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (c) Difference in excited-state charge density between PTCDA and EDA-PTCDA. (d) Frontier orbitals and energy levels. (e) Schematic illustration of the photocatalytic reaction process. Reprinted with permission from ref. [47]. Copy right © 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) Schematic diagram of the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism facilitated by the D-A interfacial electric field. Reprinted with permission from ref. [48]. Copy right © 2016 Wiley-VCH GmbH |
图6 (a) oPDI、mPDI和pPDI的能带结构. (b)表面静电势与偶极矩. 已获得参考文献[52]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (c) PDIMH化学结构. 已获得参考文献[54]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2022 ElsevierFigure 6 (a) Band structures of oPDI, mPDI, and pPDI. (b) Surface electrostatic potentials and dipole moments. Reprinted with permission from ref. [52]. Copy right © 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (c) Chemical structure of PDIMH. Reprinted with permission from ref. [54]. Copy right © 2022 Elsevier |
3.2 材料-细菌界面相互作用的调控
图7 (a) PDI/Sn3O4的TEM图像. PDI/Sn3O4异质结构处理后的(b) E. coli和(c) S. aureus的SEM图像. 已获得参考文献[60]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2021 Wiley-VCH. (d, e) GO上的羧基与经光激发活化的氨基之间的反应机理. 材料捕获细菌后的自然沉降实验: (f) E. coli, (g) S. aureus. 已获得参考文献[61]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 ElsevierFigure 7 (a) TEM image of PDI/Sn3O4. SEM images of (b) E. coli and (c) S. aureus after treatment with the PDI/Sn3O4 heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [60]. Copy right © 2021 Wiley-VCH. (d, e) Reaction mechanism between carboxyl groups on GO and photoactivated amino groups. Natural sedimentation experiments of bacteria captured by the material: (f) E. coli, (g) S. aureus. Reprinted with permission from ref. [61]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier |
3.3 多机制协同抗菌策略
图8 (a)光催化与Ag+释放协同杀菌机理图. (b)杀菌后的S. aureus形貌图. 已获得参考文献[63]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2021 Elsevier. (c) PDI/GO光催化与自芬顿协同杀菌机理图. (d)光-自芬顿协同产生•OH. 已获得参考文献[64]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 Elsevier. (e) Co-N-C/PDI的光催化与自芬顿协同杀菌机理图. (f) Co-N-C/PDI的磁滞回线及磁分离性能. 已获得参考文献[28]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 ElsevierFigure 8 (a) Schematic illustration of the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of photocatalysis and Ag+ release. (b) Morphology of S. aureus after antibacterial treatment. Reprinted with permission from ref. [63]. Copy right © 2021 Elsevier. (c) Schematic of the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of PDI/GO combining photocatalysis and photo-Fenton-like reactions. (d) •OH generation via photocatalysis-photo-Fenton synergy. Reprinted with permission from ref. [64]. Copy right © 2025 Elsevier. (e) Schematic of the synergistic antibacterial mechanism of Co-N-C/PDI combining photocatalysis and photo-Fenton-like reactions. (f) Magnetic hysteresis loop and magnetic separation performance of Co-N-C/PDI. Reprinted with permission from ref. [28]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier |
4 PDI基光催化抗菌体系的应用进展
4.1 水体净化与环境治理
图9 (a) Cu2O/PDI异质结抗菌机理示意图. 已获得参考文献[71]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2023 Elsevier. (b) Cu2N0.02O0.98/PDI光催化抗菌活性增强机理. 已获得参考文献[72]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 Elsevier. (c) PDI@MTi异质结的优化结构及电荷密度差的切片法示意图. (d) PDI@MTi纳米复合材料光催化处理细菌的反应机理. 已获得参考文献[73]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2022 ElsevierFigure 9 (a) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of the Cu2O/PDI heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [71]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (b) The mechanisms of enhanced photocatalytic antibacterial activity of Cu2N0.02O0.98/PDI. Reprinted with permission from ref. [72]. Copy right © 2025 Elsevier. (c) Optimized structure of the PDI@MTi heterostructure and schematic of the slice method for charge density difference. (d) Reaction mechanism of bacterial photocatalytic treatment by PDI@MTi nanocomposites. Reprinted with permission from ref. [73]. Copy right © 2022 Elsevier |
4.2 细菌感染治疗与生物医学应用
图10 (a) PDINH/GO的细胞毒性测试, (b)划痕实验(c)相关蛋白的表达. 已获得参考文献[61]的转载许可, 版权所有©2023 Elsevier. (d) Sn3O4/PDI异质结构杀菌机制示意图; (e) Sn3O4/PDI异质结构的抗感染治疗效果. 已获得参考文献[60]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) C3N4/PDI不同时间处理下的细菌活死染色; (g) C3N4/PDI异质结构体外抗菌活性. 已获得参考文献[75]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2019 Wiley-VCH GmbHFigure 10 (a) Cytotoxicity assay of PDINH/GO. (b) Scratch wound healing assay. (c) Expression of related proteins. Reprinted with permission from ref. [61]. Copy right © 2023 Elsevier. (d) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial mechanism of the Sn3O4/PDI heterostructure. (e) Antibacterial and anti-infection efficacy of the Sn3O4/PDI heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [60]. Copy right © 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH. (f) Live/dead staining of bacteria after treatment with C3N4/PDI for different durations. (g) In vitro antibacterial activity of the C3N4/PDI heterostructure. Reprinted with permission from ref. [75]. Copy right © 2019 Wiley-VCH GmbH |
表1 典型PDI基光催化抗菌材料性能对比Table 1 Performance comparison of typical PDI-based photocatalytic antibacterial materials |
| 复合材料 | 作用菌种 | 光源 | 杀菌效率 | 循环稳定性 | 生物安全性 | PDI 核心功能 | 文献 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PDI/NH2-UiO-66 | E. coli S. aureus | 可见光 | >99% | 5次无明显下降 | 低毒 | 光敏单元 电子桥 | [43] |
| Ag@AgCl/PDI | MRSA | 可见光 | 97%、95% | 5次稳定 | 良好 (无金属) | 光敏单元 捕获活化剂 | [44] |
| Co-N-C/PDI | E. coli S. aureus | 可见光 | >99% | 8次 (磁分离) | 良好 | 光敏单元 H2O2原位源 | [28] |
| Cu2O/PDI | S. aureus P. aeruginosa | 全光谱 | 30 d仍>90% | 10次稳定 | 低毒 (低金属泄漏) | 光敏单元 抗腐蚀 | [71] |
| Sn3O4/PDI | E. coli S. aureus MRSA | 可见-近红外 | >99% | 5次高效 | 极低毒 促细胞增殖 | 光敏单元 细菌捕获 | [60] |