1 引言
2 新烟碱类农药光学传感器的核心识别元件与作用机制
2.1 核心识别元件
2.1.1 抗体
2.1.2 适配体
2.1.3 分子印迹聚合物
2.1.4 其它
表1 新烟碱类农药光学传感器常用识别元件综合性能对比Table 1 Comparison of typical recognition elements for neonicotinoid optical sensors |
| 识别元件 | 特异性 | 稳定性(温度、pH耐受性) | 制备周期 | 综合成本 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 抗体 | 极高 | 较差、不耐高温与酸碱 | 长(数周~数月) | 高 |
| 适配体 | 高 | 良好、耐宽温、弱酸碱 | 中等(1~2周) | 中低 |
| 分子印迹聚合物 | 较高 | 优异、耐高温、强酸碱 | 中等(主流工艺3~7天) | 低 |
| β-环糊精 | 中等 | 优异 | 极短(数小时) | 极低 |
| 噬菌体展示肽 | 高 | 良好 | 较长(2~4周) | 中等 |
Note: This table is compiled based on the research cited in this review and general evaluation criteria in the field. The stability assessment is carried out at ambient temperature (25 ℃) with pH ranging from 4 to 9 as the benchmark. The preparation cycle and cost are comprehensively evaluated under routine laboratory fabrication conditions. |
2.2 作用机制
3 新烟碱类农药光学传感器的信号放大策略
3.1 DNA电路放大策略
3.2 天然酶催化放大策略
3.3 纳米材料增强策略
4 新烟碱类农药的光学传感器
4.1 荧光传感器
4.1.1 荧光猝灭型传感器
图3 (a)用于吡虫啉(IMI)检测的荧光分子印迹水凝胶传感试纸的制备及工作过程示意图. 已获得参考文献[23]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 Elsevier. (b)荧光共振能量转移及荧光响应机制示意图. 已获得参考文献[47]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2021 ElsevierFigure 3 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation and working process of the developed fluorescent molecularly imprinted hydrogel sensing strips for IMI detection. Reprinted with permission from ref. [23]. Copy right © 2025 Elsevier. (b) Schematic diagram of fluorescence resonance energy transfer and the mechanism of fluorescence response. Reprinted with permission from ref. [47]. Copy right © 2021 Elsevier |
4.1.2 荧光增强型传感器
4.1.3 比率荧光传感器
4.2 比色传感器
4.2.1 基于纳米颗粒聚集/分散的比色传感器
图4 (a)啶虫脒比色斑点法检测示意图. 已获得参考文献[18]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2026 Elsevier. (b)用于检测啶虫脒残留的比色传感平台. 已获得参考文献[54]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2026 American Chemical Society. (c)用于检测茶水中啶虫脒的 SERS 适配体传感器构建示意图. 已获得参考文献[55]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 ElsevierFigure 4 (a) The scheme for detection of acetamiprid through colorimetric dot assay. Reprinted with permission from ref. [18] copy right © 2026 Elsevier. (b) Colorimetric sensing platform for detection of ATM Residues. Reprinted with permission from ref. [54] Copy right © 2026 American Chemical Society. (c) The construction of SERS aptasensor for detecting acetamiprid in tea infusion. Reprinted with permission from ref. [55] copy right ©2025 Elsevier |
4.2.2 基于纳米酶催化反应的比色传感器
4.3 表面增强拉曼散射传感器
4.4 电化学发光(ECL)传感器
图5 (a)电化学发光噻虫嗪传感器的制备流程. 已获得参考文献[61]的转载许可, 版权所有©2025 Springer. (b)用于啶虫脒检测的电化学发光比率型适配体传感器. 已获得参考文献[62]的转载许可, 版权所有©2024 American Chemical SocietyFigure 5 (a) Procedure of sensor fabrication for the detection of thiamethoxam. Reprinted with permission from ref. [61] copy right © 2025 Springer. (b) Electrochemiluminescence ratiometric aptasensor for acetamiprid analysis. Reprinted with permission from ref. [62] Copy right © 2024 American Chemical Society |
4.5 多模式集成传感阵列与智能识别
图6 (a) TPPCNZ与免疫探针的制备, (b) TPPCNZ-ICA 多模式检测啶虫脒的作用机制. 已获得参考文献[65]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 American Chemical Society. (c, d)基于纳米酶-过氧化氢-四甲基联苯胺体系用于磺酰脲类农药选择性检测的多信号传感阵列示意图. 已获得参考文献[63]的转载许可, 版权所有© 2025 ElsevierFigure 6 (a) Preparation of TPPCNZ and immunoprobes, (b) Mechanism of action of TPPCNZ-ICA in ACE detection. Reprinted with permission from ref. [65] Copy right © 2025 American Chemical Society. (c, d) Schematic diagram of the multi-signal sensor array for the selective detection of sulfonylurea pesticides based on the nanozyme-H2O2-TMB system. Reprinted with permission from ref. [63] copy right © 2025 Elsevier |
表2 不同光学传感方法检测新烟碱类农药的性能对比Table 2 Performance comparison of optical sensing methods for neonicotinoid pesticide detection |
| Method | Materials | Target | Recognition element | Linear range/(μg•mL−1) | LOD/(μg•mL−1) | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluorescence | B-CDs@MIPs/R-CDs | thiamethoxam | MIPs | 14.59~7292.75 | 3.94 | [22] | |
| AuNPs/CDs | acetamiprid | aptamer | 0.005~0.100 | 0.001 | [42] | ||
| nitrogen-doped CDs | imidacloprid | MIPs | 0.1~50 | 0.065 | [23] | ||
| H2-SiO2@CsPbBr3 | thiamethoxam | β-CD | 0.004~0.018 | 0.001 | [47] | ||
| Colorimetry | Fe-MOF | acetamiprid | 1×10−7~10 | 3.15×10−8 | [54] | ||
| magnetic beads (MBs) | imidacloprid | Antibody | 5×10−5~0.05 | 6.3×10−5 | [27] | ||
| graphene oxide (GO) | thiamethoxam | aptamer | 0.0015~0.0438 | 5×10−4 | [19] | ||
| ECL | Fe/Zn-BTC@C-dots | thiamethoxam | aptamer | 1.5×10−5~1.46×10-2 | 3×10−6 | [60] | |
| NiFe-LDHs/Cu-SAs | thiamethoxam | aptamer | 5.8×10−7~1.75×10−3 | 1.9×10−7 | [61] | ||
| RuZn-MOF | acetamiprid | aptamer | 1.0×10−7~1 | 3.33×10−8 | [67] | ||
| Gd-MOF | acetamiprid | aptamer | 2.23×10−8~2.23×10−3 | 7.35×10−9 | [62] | ||
| Zn-MOFs/Pt@Cu2O | acetamiprid | aptamer | 0~2.23×10-6 | 3.90×10-9 | [32] | ||
| SERS | AuNPs/ITO | acetamiprid | MIPs | 0.022~44.53 | 7.12×10-4 | [68] | |
| Au@pBDT-TA | thiamethoxam | Antibody | 2.0×10-6~8.0×10-5 | 5.0×10-7 | [58] | ||
| UiO-66@TiO2/Au | thiamethoxam | 0.001 ~10 | 6.6×10-5 | [57] | |||
| Dual-mode | HAuNPs/BSA-AuNCs | imidacloprid | Antibody | 2.0×10-5~2.0×10-3 (fluorescence); 2.0×10-5~1.0×10-3 (colorimetry) | 7.8×10-6 (fluorescence); 4.78×10-5 (colorimetry) | [50] | |
| Au@Pt | imidacloprid | Antibody | 0~0.02 (fluorescence); 0.001 ~ 0.05 (colorimetry) | 1.14×10-3 (fluorescence); 8.8×10-4 (colorimetry) | [16] | ||
Notes: B-CDs@MIPs/R-CD: blue-emission carbon dots (CDs) wrapped with a molecularly imprinted layer (B-CDs@MIPs)/red-emission CDs (R-CDs); HAuNPs/BSA-AuNCs: hollow gold nanoparticles and ultra-bright red luminescent bovine serum albumin (BSA)-stabilized gold nanoclusters; Au@pBDT-TA: Au nanoparticles/self-polymerization of benzene-1,4-dithiol (BDT)-self-assembly of tannic acid (TA). |