Elemental Sulfur: An Excellent Sulfur-Source for Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclics

doi:10.6023/cjoc202109038

Abstract

Sulfur-containing heterocyclic compounds are widely applied in many areas such as drugs, molecular devices and materials, etc., so their synthesis methods have attracted much attention. The key step for the synthesis of sulfur-containing heterocycles is the construction of C—S bond, which is generally realized by C—H bond functionalization or C—X bond coupling reaction with sulfur-containing organic or inorganic substances. Elemental sulfur is cheap, available and stable, and it is an excellent sulfur atom donor for the synthesis of sulfur-containing heterocycles. Therefore, the synthesis of sulfur-containing heterocycles from elemental sulfur has become a research hotspot. Herein, the recent research progress of synthesis of sulfur-containing heterocyclic employing sulfur as sulfur-source is reviewed.

Key words: sulfur-containing heterocycle, elemental sulfur, C—S bond construction, multi-component cascade reaction

Cite this article

Liwei Xiao, Guangxian Liu, Ping Ren, Tongtong Wu, Yuwei Lu, Jie Kong. Elemental Sulfur: An Excellent Sulfur-Source for Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Heterocyclics[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2022, 42(4): 1002-1012.

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Entry	R²-FG	Product	Cat./base	Reaction condition	Yield/%	Ref.
1	Aldehyde	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuCl₂-Phen/K₂CO₃	H₂O, 100 ℃	52~96	[7]
2	Benzylchloride	2-Arylbenzothiazole	Cu(OAc)_2/Na₂CO₃	DMSO, 130 ℃	53~98	[8]
3	Benzylamine	2-Arylbenzothiazole	Cu(OAc)₂/DABCO	DMSO, 100 ℃	10~90	[9]
4	Benzylamine	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuCl-Phen	H₂O, 100 ℃	60~88	[10]
5	Terminalalkyne	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	CuTC/DBU	MeCN/H₂O, 130 ℃	45~84	[11]
6	Terminalalkyne	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuI-Phen/K₂CO₃	DMSO, 110 ℃	62~90	[11]
7	N-Tosylhydrazone	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuSCN/DBU	DMSO, 110 ℃	63~84	[12]
8	N-Tosylhydrazone	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	CuI, CsF/DABCO	MeCN, 130 ℃	57~70	[12]
9	Quaternaryammonium	2-Alkylbenzothiazole	KOH	H₂O, 140 ℃	74~95	[13]

Entry	R²-FG	Product	Cat./base	Reaction condition	Yield/%	Ref.
1	Aldehyde	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuCl₂-Phen/K₂CO₃	H₂O, 100 ℃	52~96	[7]
2	Benzylchloride	2-Arylbenzothiazole	Cu(OAc)_2/Na₂CO₃	DMSO, 130 ℃	53~98	[8]
3	Benzylamine	2-Arylbenzothiazole	Cu(OAc)₂/DABCO	DMSO, 100 ℃	10~90	[9]
4	Benzylamine	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuCl-Phen	H₂O, 100 ℃	60~88	[10]
5	Terminalalkyne	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	CuTC/DBU	MeCN/H₂O, 130 ℃	45~84	[11]
6	Terminalalkyne	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuI-Phen/K₂CO₃	DMSO, 110 ℃	62~90	[11]
7	N-Tosylhydrazone	2-Arylbenzothiazole	CuSCN/DBU	DMSO, 110 ℃	63~84	[12]
8	N-Tosylhydrazone	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	CuI, CsF/DABCO	MeCN, 130 ℃	57~70	[12]
9	Quaternaryammonium	2-Alkylbenzothiazole	KOH	H₂O, 140 ℃	74~95	[13]

Entry	Ar-FG	Product	Cat.	Reaction condition	Yield/%	Ref.
1	Methylaromatic	2-Arylbenzothiazole	—	275 ℃	15~74	[14]
2	Methylaromatic	2-Arylnaphthothiazole	—	275 ℃	41~50	[14]
3	2-Methylarene	2-Heteroarylbenzothiazole	NH₄I	NMP, air, 160 ℃	37~87	[15]
4	Arylaldehyde	2-Arylnaphtho[2,1-d]thiazole	NH₄I/4 Å MS	DMSO/PhCl, 140 ℃	61~98	[16]
5	Arylaldehyde	2-Arylbenzothiazole	KI	O₂, NMP, 150 ℃	40~79	[16]
6	Styrene	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	NH₄I	NMP, air, 140 ℃	63~88	[17]
7	Arylacetylene	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	NH₄I	NMP, air, 140 ℃	57~81	[17]
8	Ether	2-Aryl, alkylbenzothiazole	TBHP^b/KI	DMSO, air, 130 ℃	41~81	[18]
9	Aliphaticamine	2-Aryl, alkylbenzothiazole	sealed tube	DMSO, 140 ℃	42~90	[19]
10	Acetophenone	2-Arylbenzothiazole	I₂, TBAI^c	DMSO/PhCl, 140 ℃	40~81	[20]
11	Acetophenone	2-Aroylbenzothiazole	I₂,	DMSO/PhCl, 140 ℃	42~78	[21]
12	Isatin	2-(2'-Aminophenyl)benzothiaole	KI/4 Å MS	DMSO, 120 ℃	60~85	[22]

Entry	Ar-FG	Product	Cat.	Reaction condition	Yield/%	Ref.
1	Methylaromatic	2-Arylbenzothiazole	—	275 ℃	15~74	[14]
2	Methylaromatic	2-Arylnaphthothiazole	—	275 ℃	41~50	[14]
3	2-Methylarene	2-Heteroarylbenzothiazole	NH₄I	NMP, air, 160 ℃	37~87	[15]
4	Arylaldehyde	2-Arylnaphtho[2,1-d]thiazole	NH₄I/4 Å MS	DMSO/PhCl, 140 ℃	61~98	[16]
5	Arylaldehyde	2-Arylbenzothiazole	KI	O₂, NMP, 150 ℃	40~79	[16]
6	Styrene	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	NH₄I	NMP, air, 140 ℃	63~88	[17]
7	Arylacetylene	2-Benzylbenzothiazole	NH₄I	NMP, air, 140 ℃	57~81	[17]
8	Ether	2-Aryl, alkylbenzothiazole	TBHP^b/KI	DMSO, air, 130 ℃	41~81	[18]
9	Aliphaticamine	2-Aryl, alkylbenzothiazole	sealed tube	DMSO, 140 ℃	42~90	[19]
10	Acetophenone	2-Arylbenzothiazole	I₂, TBAI^c	DMSO/PhCl, 140 ℃	40~81	[20]
11	Acetophenone	2-Aroylbenzothiazole	I₂,	DMSO/PhCl, 140 ℃	42~78	[21]
12	Isatin	2-(2'-Aminophenyl)benzothiaole	KI/4 Å MS	DMSO, 120 ℃	60~85	[22]

Entry	Ar-FG	Product	Cat./base	Reaction condition	Yield%	Ref.
1	Methylhetarene	2-Hetarylbenzothiazole	—	120 ℃	37~85	[25]
2	Methylhetarene	2-Hetarylbenzothiazole	NH₄I	Sulfolane, 175 ℃	9~60	[26]
3	Benzaldehyde	2-Arylbenzothiazole	NMM	130 ℃	60~80	[27]
4	Benzylamine	2-Arylbenzothiazole	Pyridine	100 ℃	61~80	[28]
5	Aliphatic amine	2-Arylbenzothiazole	—	130 ℃	52~80	[29]
6	Acetophenone	2-Aroylbenzothiazole	NMM	120 ℃	52~92	[30]
7	Arylacetic acid	2-Arylbenzothiazole	NMM	110 ℃	46~75	[31]
8	Benzylic alcohol	2-Arylbenzothiazole	FeCl₃/KHCO₃/NH₄I	NMP, 160 ℃	25~80	[32]

单质硫: 合成含硫杂环的优质硫源