Modulating the Thermal Stability of cis Isomers of Azobenzene Photoswitches via n→π* Interactions

doi:10.6023/cjoc202604049

Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (9): 3666-3675.DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202604049 Previous Articles Next Articles

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基于n→π*相互作用调控偶氮苯光开关顺式异构体的热稳定性

石可添, 韦相宇, 海宇^*(), 刘丽娟, 占田广, 章康达^*()

浙江师范大学化学与材料科学学院先进催化材料教育部重点实验室全省先进催化与吸附材料重点实验室浙江金华 321004

收稿日期:2026-04-29 修回日期:2026-06-26 发布日期:2026-07-23
通讯作者: 海宇, 章康达
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22271255); 浙江省自然科学基金(LR22B020001); 浙江省自然科学基金(LQ24B020007)

Modulating the Thermal Stability of cis Isomers of Azobenzene Photoswitches via n→π* Interactions

Ketian Shi, Xiangyu Wei, Yu Hai^*(), Lijuan Liu, Tianguang Zhan, Kangda Zhang^*()

Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis and Adsorption Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004

Received:2026-04-29 Revised:2026-06-26 Published:2026-07-23
Contact: Yu Hai, Kangda Zhang
About author:
Dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Xikui Jiang.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22271255); Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LR22B020001); Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LQ24B020007)

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Abstract

Azobenzenes are a class of important molecular photoswitches with wide-ranging applications in energy storage, supramolecular assembly, biomedicine and beyond. However, it remains a significant challenge to effectively tune the thermal stability of their cis-isomers without compromising the key photoswitching properties such as absorption wavelength and isomerization efficiency. In this research, a unique n→π* interaction based noncovalent strategy is deccribed for tuning the cis-isomer thermal stability of azobenzene photoswitches, for which a series of azo molecules were designed and synthesized by introducing a methoxy group (providing n electron) and different carbonyl units (providing π* orbital) at the meta-positions of azo double bond, respectively. The UV-Vis and ¹H NMR experiments revealed that these photoswitches could undergo reversible E⇄Z photoisomerization upon 365 nm UV and 430 nm visible light irradiation. The FT-IR spectra verified the existence of n→π* interactions in the cis-isomers, which could be enhanced by reducing the electron-withdrawing nature of the carbonyl units or increasing the solvent polarity, thereby improving the thermal stability of the photoswitches. These findings provide new insights for the design of new molecular photoswitches with tunable thermal stability.

Key words: photoswitches, azobenzene, n→π* interaction, thermal stability

Cite this article

Ketian Shi, Xiangyu Wei, Yu Hai, Lijuan Liu, Tianguang Zhan, Kangda Zhang. Modulating the Thermal Stability of cis Isomers of Azobenzene Photoswitches via n→π* Interactions[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2026, 46(9): 3666-3675.

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Fig. & Tab. 6

Figure 1. Previous representative strategies for modulating the thermal half-life of cis-isomeric azobenzene derivatives (a) Covalent modifications to the azobenzene core, such as the introduction of halogen atoms, electron push-pull groups, and the formation of bridged azobenzenes. (b) Introduction of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, C—H…π interactions, and coordination interaction. (c) This work introduces a unique n→π* interaction involved strategy for tuning the thermal stability of the cis-isomers of azobenzene derivatives.

Scheme 1. Synthesis of (a) target meta-methoxy-functionalized azobenzene derivatives MeOAzoCHO, MeOAzoCOOMe, and MeOAzoCONHMe; (b) control meta-methoxy-free azobenzene derivatives AzoCHO, AzoCOOMe, and AzoCONHMe

Figure 2. Photoswitching property of the target azobenzene derivatives The UV-Vis absorption spectra (50 µmol/L in CH3CN) of MeOAzoCHO (a), MeOAzoCOOMe (b), and MeOAzoCONHMe (c) under different light irradiation conditions: at pristine (black line), after exposure to 365 nm UV light irradiation (purple light), and after irradiated by 430 nm visible light (blue line); Partial 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, CD3CN, 5 mmol/L) of MeOAzoCHO (d), MeOAzoCOOMe (e), and MeOAzoCONHMe (f) under different light irradiation conditions.

Figure 3. Thermal relaxation and half-life analysis of azobenzene derivatives Partial time-dependent 1H NMR spectra (400 MHz, CD3CN, 298 K) for the PSSZ (430 nm) mixtures of (a) MeOAzoCHO (5.0 mmol/L), (b) MeOAzoCOOMe (5.0 mmol/L), and (c) MeOAzoCONHMe (5.0 mmol/L); Panels d~f display the fitted curves of Z-isomer fraction versus time and the corresponding t1/2 values, which are derived from the spectroscopic data in panels a~c in sequence

Figure 4. Comparison of FT-IR spectra for both isomers of (a) MeOAzoCHO, (b) MeOAzoCOOMe, and (c) MeOAzoCONHMe with the carbonyl stretching vibration being highlighted to monitor the presence of n→π* interaction All spectra were acquired using film samples.

	t_1/2(Z-to-E)^a/h
	MeOAzoCHO	MeOAzoCOOMe	MeOAzoCONHMe	AzoCHO	AzoCOOMe	AzoCONHMe
CD₃CN	427	398	350	263	273	277
DMSO-d₆	322	306	264	251	270	266
CDCl₃	162	148	123	263	259	268
Toluene-d₈	140	125	99	261	260	255

Table 1. Summary of the thermal half-lives of Z-MeOAzoCHO, Z-MeOAzoCOOMe, Z-MeOAzoCONHMe, Z-AzoCHO, Z-Azo- COOMe, and Z-AzoCONHMe in solvents with varied polarity

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基于n→π*相互作用调控偶氮苯光开关顺式异构体的热稳定性

Modulating the Thermal Stability of cis Isomers of Azobenzene Photoswitches via n→π* Interactions

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