ARTICLE

A Novel Phosphate-Ester-Phenothiazine Fluorescent Probe for Detection and Imaging of Sulfur Dioxide Derivatives

  • Xiao Zhongshan ,
  • Wang Han ,
  • Xu Lu ,
  • He Ruijuan ,
  • Yang Guojing ,
  • Wang Yakun ,
  • Liu Zhaomin ,
  • Zhang Tao
Expand
  • aDepartment of Pharmacy, Puyang Medical College, Puyang, 475000;
    bSchool of Pharmacy, Henan Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003

Received date: 2026-03-30

  Revised date: 2026-06-23

  Online published: 2026-07-14

Supported by

Science and Technology Tackling Key Project of Henan Province (No. 252102311280).

Abstract

A novel phenothiazine-based ratiometric fluorescent probe was rationally designed and synthesized for the selective detection and imaging of sulfur dioxide derivatives (HSO3-/SO32-). HSO3-/SO32- induces aggregation-state modulation of probe T2, which causes a significant blue shift in its fluorescence emission maximum. Spectroscopic studies demonstrated that T2 exhibits high selectivity and sensitivity toward HSO3-/SO32-, with a detection limit as low as 3.96 μM. Notably, T2 was successfully applied to the fluorescence imaging of exogenous HSO3-/SO32- in living cells and plant tissues. In addition, T2-based test strips were developed for the rapid and visual detection of HSO3-/SO32- in aqueous media. These results indicate that T2 represents a promising analytical tool for the detection and bioimaging of SO2 derivatives in environmental and biological systems.

Cite this article

Xiao Zhongshan , Wang Han , Xu Lu , He Ruijuan , Yang Guojing , Wang Yakun , Liu Zhaomin , Zhang Tao . A Novel Phosphate-Ester-Phenothiazine Fluorescent Probe for Detection and Imaging of Sulfur Dioxide Derivatives[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 0 : 202603043 -202603043 . DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202603043

References

[1] Liu F. T.; Liu X. F.; Jin Z.; Zhao B. X.; Lin, Z. M., Anal Chim Acta, 2025,1373, 344488.
[2] Yang B.; Xu J.; Zhu H. L.,Free Radic Biol Med, 2019, 145, 42.
[3] Wang L.; Zhao L.; Xu Z.; Ma Y.; Wang X.; Sun Q.; Liu H.,Microchemical Journal, 2021, 160, 105703.
[4] Wu Y.; Huang Y.,Anal Methods, 2025, 17, 7233.
[5] Liu Y.; Wang L.; Dong Y.; Peng W.; Fu Y.; Li Q.; Fan Q.; Wang Y.; Wang Z.,Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 416, 4375.
[6] Zhou F.; Sultanbawa Y.; Feng H.; Wang Y.-L.; Meng Q.; Wang Y.; Zhang Z.; Zhang R.,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2019, 67, 4375.
[7] Zheng D.; Zhang T.; Huang J.; Wang M.; Cao Z.; Huang Y.; Yang Z.; Deng Y.; Fang Y.,Dyes and Pigments, 2022, 198, 109973.
[8] Zhao H.; Jiang Z.; Ju Y.; Lu J.,Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 2024, 305, 123494.
[9] Zhang X.; Tan Z.; Zhang J.; Liu X.; Ding H.; Zeng Y.; Fan C.; Liu G.; Pu S.,Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 2025, 146, 107840.
[10] Liu L, Zhou L, Liang T, Zhong K, Yan X, Tang L, Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2026, 46, 866.(in Chinese)
(刘琳,周璐璐,梁天宇,钟克利,燕小梅,汤立军, 有机化学, 2026, 46, 866).
[11] Feng H.; Liu J.; Qaitoon A.; Meng Q.; Sultanbawa Y.; Zhang Z.; Xu Z. P.; Zhang R.,TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2021, 136, 116199.
[12] Yao X.; Li Y.; Guo Y.; Zhong K.; Tang L.; Yan X.,Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2024, 446, 115116.
[13] Feng G. L.; Liu Y. C.; Ji Y. M.; Zhou W.; Li X. F.; Hou M.; Gao J. L.; Zhang Y.; Xing G. W.,Chem Commun (Camb), 2022, 58, 6618.
[14] Zhang D.; Wang M.; Li M.; Liu L.; Duan R.; Xue N.; Chen H.; Shang L.; Wang T.; Wu X.; Zhang J.,Food Chem, 2023, 437, 137838.
[15] Zhang X.; Su S.-Y.; Chen X.-T.; Shen L.-Y.; Zhang Q.-L.; Ni X.-L.; Xu H.; Wang Z.-Y.; Redshaw C.Molecules, 2022, 27, 2378.
[16] Chen W.; Zhu L.; Hao Y.; Yue X.; Gai J.; Xiao Q.; Huang S.; Sheng J.; Song X.,Tetrahedron, 2017, 73, 4529.
[17] Zhang T.; Zhu L.; Ma Y.; Lin W.,The Analyst, 2020, 145, 1910.
[18] Zhao S.; Kang J.; Du Y.; Kang J.; Zhao X.; Xu Y.; Chen R.; Wang Q.; Shi X.,Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, 2013, 51, 683.
[19] Zhao Y.; Yang H.; Ma H.; Li Y.; Qian L.; Yu T.; Su W.,Synthetic Metals, 2020, 265, 116406.
[20] Skhunov M.; Solodukhin A. N.; Giannakou P.; Askew L.; Luponosov Y. N.; Balakirev D. O.; Kalinichenko N. K.; Marko I. P.; Sweeney S. J.; Ponomarenko S. A.,Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2021, 9, 5858.
[21] Wang H.; Li L.,Food Research International, 2025, 219, 117004.
[22] Li J.; Yan X.; Wang Y.; Shen T.; Tian M.; Liang T.; Tang L.; Li Y.; Zhong K.,Talanta, 2026, 296, 128430.
[23] Wu M.; Wu K.; Feng S.; Xu L.; Lei M.; Chen J.; Li S.; Qin M.; Liu D.; Feng G.,Chinese Chemical Letters, 2026, 37, 110979.
[24] Yan Y.-H.; Wu Q.-R.; Che Q.-L.; Ding M.-M.; Xu M.; Miao J.-Y.; Zhao B.-X.; Lin Z.-M.,The Analyst, 2020, 145, 2937.
[25] Kuperman M. V.; Snihirova Y. V.; Kryvorotenko D. V.; Losytskyy M. Y.; Kovalska V. B.; Yarmoluk S. M.,Biopolymers and Cell, 2018, 34, 374.
[26] Xi G.; Liu M.; Zhou P.; Yu C.; Zhang F.; Zhang Z.; Zhang W.; Luan T.,Chemistry - An Asian Journal, 2024, 19, e202400716.
[27] Lou W.; Liu Y.; Wang R.; Zhou W.; Li B.; Su T.; Gong Y.-J.,Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2025, 429, 137276.
Outlines

/