超薄锂箔制造及其在预锂化中的应用

doi:10.6023/A24120362

化学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 83 ›› Issue (2): 184-196.DOI: 10.6023/A24120362 上一篇下一篇

综述

超薄锂箔制造及其在预锂化中的应用

段续之^a^,^b^,^c^,^d, 陈国栋^b^,^c^,^d, 石良^a^,^*(), 董杉木^b^,^c^,^d^,^*(), 崔光磊^b^,^c^,^d^,^*()

a 青岛科技大学材料科学与工程学院青岛 266042
b 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所青岛储能产业技术研究院青岛 266101
c 山东能源研究院青岛 266101
d 青岛新能源山东省实验室青岛 266101

投稿日期:2024-12-02 发布日期:2025-01-17

作者简介:

段续之, 男, 青岛科技大学材料科学与工程学院硕士, 中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所联合培养研究生. 主要从事锂离子电池负极预锂化、高比能锂金属电池和无负极锂金属电池方面的研究.

石良, 男, 硕士生导师, 青岛科技大学材料科学与工程学院副教授, 于2015年毕业于中国海洋大学海洋化学工程与技术专业, 获理学博士学位. 目前主要从事纳米材料的制备与性能研究.

董杉木, 男, 博士生导师, 青岛生物能源与过程研究所研究员. 于2012年在中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所获得博士学位, 师从崔光磊教授. 之后, 加入该研究所, 继续从事高效储能材料的研究. 目前的研究重点是锂金属电池和固态电解质系统.

崔光磊, 研究员, 博士生导师, 国务院特殊津贴专家, 国家杰青和WR计划, 中科院深海智能技术先导专项副总师(固态电池基深海能源体系), 青岛市储能产业技术研究院院长, 国际聚合物电解质委员会理事. 2005年于中国科学院化学所获得有机化学博士学位, 2005年9月至2009年2月先后在德国马普协会高分子所和固态所从事博士后研究. 2009年2月起于中科院青岛生物能源与过程所工作. 2009年入选中国科学院“百人计划”(终期评估优秀), 2009年获山东省自然科学杰出青年基金资助, 2015年入选山东省“泰山学者特聘专家”, 2016年获国家自然科学杰出青年基金资助, 2018年至2021年, 十三五国家重点研发计划新能源汽车专项, 高比能固态电池项目负责人. 主要从事低成本高效能源储存与转换器件的研究. 作为负责人/课题负责人承担国家自然科学杰出青年基金, 国家973计划, 863计划, 国家自然科学基金面上项目, 省部级及中科院先导专项, 企业横向项目等多项科研项目. 在Nat. Energy、Nat. Sustain、J. Am. Chem. Soc.、Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.、Adv. Mater.等发表论文300余篇, 引用2万余次, 申请国家专利210余项, 授权113项, 申请PCT专利6项, 授权欧洲专利1项, 出版《动力锂电池中聚合物关键材料》一部. 获得2017年青岛市自然科学奖一等奖(第一完成人); 获得2018年山东省自然科学奖一等奖(第一完成人); 获得2021年青岛市科学进步奖一等奖(第一完成人).

基金资助:
国家重点研发计划金融科技项目(2022YFB3803400); 国家自然科学基金(22179135); 中国社会科学基金博士后基金(GZC20232806); 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2024QB297); 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2023JQ003); 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2022ZD11); 青岛市博士后基金(QDBSH20240102103); 山东省泰山学者(ts201511063); 山东省青年专家泰山学者项目(tsqn202103145); 青岛新能源山东实验室(QIBEBT/SEI/QNESLS202304)

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Lithium Foil and Application in Pre-lithiation

Xuzhi Duan^a^,^b^,^c^,^d, Guodong Chen^b^,^c^,^d, Liang Shi^a(), Shanmu Dong^b^,^c^,^d(), Guanglei Cui^b^,^c^,^d()

a College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
b Qingdao Industrial Energy Storage Research Institute, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
c Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
d Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China

Received:2024-12-02 Published:2025-01-17
Contact: *E-mail: shiliang@qust.edu.cn; dongsm@qibebt.ac.cn; cuigl@qibebt.ac.cn; Tel.: 0532-80662746; Fax: 0532-80662744
Supported by:
Finance Science and technology project of the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB3803400); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179135); Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20232806); Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2024QB297); Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2023JQ003); Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022ZD11); Qingdao Postdoctoral Funding Program(QDBSH20240102103); Taishan Scholars of Shandong Province(ts201511063); Taishan Scholars Program for Young Expert of Shandong Province(tsqn202103145); Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory(QIBEBT/SEI/QNESLS202304)

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摘要/Abstract

新型超薄锂箔相较于传统锂箔在锂金属电池中表现出更高的能量密度、更好的安全性以及更低的材料成本. 然而, 超薄锂箔的工业生产面临严峻挑战, 主要源于生产过程中可能出现的褶皱和损坏, 以及工艺的复杂性. 因此, 亟需改进或开发新的制造方法以满足工业化需求. 另一方面, 为了提高锂离子电池的首次库伦效率(ICE)和延长循环寿命, 锂箔常用于在电池循环前补充首圈充放电过程中消耗的正极侧活性锂. 然而, 过量锂金属与电解液的副反应会显著影响电池的寿命和安全性. 基于此, 本综述将重点讨论传统锂箔制造所面临的问题, 并结合相关实例分析解决这些问题的具体策略. 同时, 概述新型超薄锂箔制备方法, 并评估其在工业应用中的可行性. 此外, 本文还总结了锂箔在预锂化中的应用, 提出超薄锂箔制造与预锂化相结合的发展趋势. 本综述旨在为该领域的研究人员提供宝贵的见解与启发, 成为推动锂箔制造和应用创新的综合性参考资源.

关键词: 辊压法, 熔融法, 微纳制造, 锂箔预锂化, 真空蒸镀预锂化

Novel ultra-thin lithium foils, present significant advantages over conventional lithium foils in terms of energy density, safety, and material cost reduction for lithium metal batteries. These benefits stem from the enhanced electrochemical performance and efficiency that ultra-thin foils can deliver. However, the industrial production of such foils is fraught with challenges. Key issues include the potential for creases and damage during the manufacturing process, as well as the complexity of the techniques required to produce them at scale. Thus, there is an urgent need to innovate existing manufacturing methods to meet the growing industrial demand for ultra-thin lithium foils. In addition to their manufacturing challenges, ultra-thin lithium foils play a crucial role in enhancing the initial coulomb efficiency (ICE) and extending the cycle life of lithium-ion batteries. They are commonly employed to replenish active lithium on the cathode side, compensating for the lithium consumed during the initial charging and discharging phases. However, excessive lithium metal can lead to side reactions with the electrolyte, negatively affecting battery life and safety. Therefore, careful management of lithium deposition is essential to optimize battery performance while ensuring safety. This review specifically addresses the challenges associated with conventional lithium foil manufacturing, providing a detailed analysis of the underlying issues and proposing targeted strategies to overcome them. Relevant examples from recent research will be presented to illustrate successful approaches. Furthermore, the review explores novel preparation methods for ultra-thin lithium foils, evaluating their feasibility for industrial applications. Additionally, the review will summarize the current use of lithium foils in pre-lithiation processes, emphasizing the trend toward integrating ultra-thin lithium foil manufacturing with these processes. This integration is expected to enhance the performance of lithium batteries while simultaneously addressing manufacturing challenges. Ultimately, this review aims to provide valuable insights and inspiration for researchers in the field, serving as a comprehensive resource to stimulate further innovation in lithium foil manufacturing and application.

Key words: roller pressing method, melting method, micro-nano-fabrication, lithium foil pre-lithiation, vacuum evaporation pre-lithiation

引用此文

段续之, 陈国栋, 石良, 董杉木, 崔光磊. 超薄锂箔制造及其在预锂化中的应用[J]. 化学学报, 2025, 83(2): 184-196.

Xuzhi Duan, Guodong Chen, Liang Shi, Shanmu Dong, Guanglei Cui. Fabrication of Ultra-thin Lithium Foil and Application in Pre-lithiation[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2025, 83(2): 184-196.

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图/表 7

图1. 综述示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram for this review

图2. (a) 传统锂箔工业辊压工艺示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[23]; 2023版权所有, Advanced Energy Materials. (b) 在辊压锂金属前加入ZDDP, 形成杂化界面的示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[19]; 2023版权所有, Nature Communications. (c) 卷对卷辊压Li-Sr超薄合金箔的生产示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[21]; 2020版权所有, Journal of the American Chemical Society. (d) LLP复合箔产生的生产工艺. 转载授权源于参考文献[22]; 2024版权所有, Nano Research

Figure 2. (a) Schematic of the conventional lithium foil industrial roll pressing process. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[23]; Copyright 2023, Advanced Energy Materials. (b) Schematic diagram of the addition of ZDDP to form a heterogeneous interface prior to roll pressing of lithium metal. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[19]; 2023 Copyright, Nature Communications. (c) Schematic diagram of the production of roll-to-roll rolled Li-Sr ultra-thin alloy foils. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[21]; Copyright 2020, Journal of the American Chemical Society. (d) Production process for the generation of LLP composite foils. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[22] Copyright 2024, Nano Research

图3. (a) 超薄Li/Li-Sn合金箔的制备工艺. 转载授权源于参考文献[28]; 2021版权所有, Advanced Energy Materials. (b) 在氧化石墨烯主体内合成超薄复合锂箔. 转载授权源于参考文献[16]; 2021版权所有, Nature Energy. (c) 利用275 ℃的适宜温度, 制备5~50 μm均匀锂箔. 转载授权源于参考文献[30]; 2023版权所有, Energy Storage Materials

Figure 3. (a) Preparation process of ultra-thin Li/Li-Sn alloy foil. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[28]; Copyright 2021, Advanced Energy Materials. (b) Schematic representation of the synthesis of an ultra-thin composite lithium foil within a graphene oxide body. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[16]; Copyright 2021, Nature Energy. (c) Schematic of the preparation of 5~50 μm uniform lithium foils using a suitable temperature of 275 ℃. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [30] Copyright 2023, Energy Storage Materials

图4. (a) 3D打印制备锂金属电池正极与负极示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[40]; 2019版权所有, Advanced Materials. (b) 利用高浓度MXene墨水打印无枝晶锂负极的示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[41]; 2020版权所有, Energy Storage Materials. (c) M-Li与ED-Li表面NPL均匀度的结构比较. 转载授权源于参考文献[45]; 2023版权所有, Energy Storage Materials

Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of lithium metal battery positive and negative electrodes prepared by 3D printing. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[40]; Copyright 2019, Advanced Materials. (b) Schematic print of a dendrite-free lithium anode using highly concentrated MXene ink. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[41]; Copyright 2020, Energy Storage Materials. (c) Structural comparison of NPL uniformity on M-Li and ED-Li surfaces. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[45] Copyright 2023, Energy Storage Materials

图5. (a) 化学刻蚀法利用Naph/DME溶液减少锂箔厚度的示意图. (b) 化学刻蚀法制备连续卷对卷制备超薄锂箔示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[47]; 2022版权所有, Nano Letters. (c) 真空蒸镀快速成膜技术机理图. (d) 在铜集流体表面真空蒸镀10 μm锂金属的示意图. (e) 大规模卷对卷生产蒸镀超薄锂金属负极的实验图. 转载授权源于参考文献[53]; 2024版权所有, Nano-Micro Small. (f) 磁控溅射成锂膜的示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[23]; 2023版权所有, Advanced Energy Materials

Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the chemical etching method to reduce the thickness of lithium foil using Naph/DME solution. (b) Schematic diagram of continuous roll-to-roll preparation of ultra-thin lithium foil by chemical etching method. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[47]; Copyright 2022, Nano Letters. (c) Mechanism diagram of vacuum vapour deposition rapid film formation technology. (d) Schematic of vacuum vapour deposition of 10 μm lithium metal on a current collector surface. (e) Experimental diagram of large-scale roll-to-roll production of vapour-deposited ultra-thin lithium metal anodes. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[53] Copyright 2024, Nano-Micro Small. (f) Schematic diagram of magnetron sputtering into lithium foil. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[23] Copyright 2023, Advanced Energy Materials

图6. (a) 连续预锂化的卷对卷电沉积和转移印刷体系示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[63]; 2023 版权所有, Nature Energy. (b) 硅负极锂网卷对卷预锂化示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[65]; 2023版权所有, Nano Letters. (c) 熔融锂浇铸到CNT上, 形成Li-CNT预锂化薄膜的示意图. 转载授权源于参考文献[68]; 2024版权所有, Energy＆Environmental Science. (d) 5 μm Li-Mg-Al合金箔用于Gr负极的预锂化的界面示意图. (e) 合金箔用于预锂化的LFP||Gr全电池循环图. 转载授权源于参考文献[71]; 2024版权所有, Advanced Energy Materials

Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagram of a roll-to-roll electrodeposition and transfer printing system with continuous pre-lithiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[63]; Copyright 2023, Nature Energy. (b) Schematic diagram of roll-to-roll pre-lithiation of silicon anode lithium mesh. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[65]; Copyright 2023, Nano Letters. (c) Schematic diagram of molten lithium cast onto CNT to form Li-CNT pre-lithiation film. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[68] Copyright 2024, Energy& Environmental Science. (d) Interfacial schematic of 5 μm Li-Mg-Al alloy foil for pre-lithiation of Gr anode. (e) Full cell cycle diagram of LFP||Gr with alloy foil for pre-lithiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[71]; Copyright 2024, Advanced Energy Materials

Figure 7. (a) SEM image after VE pre-lithiation, showing the original Gr structure. (b) SEM image after MR pre-lithiation, covered by chunks of lithium metal. (c) SEM cross-section of dead lithium generated from lithium metal and Gr interlayer after MR pre-lithiation. (d) VE pre-lithiation opens the electron channel for lithium-ion transport and enhances the pre-lithiation efficiency. Reprinted with permission from Ref.[73]; Copyright 2022, Advanced Materials

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超薄锂箔制造及其在预锂化中的应用

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Lithium Foil and Application in Pre-lithiation

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