关键词: 钠金属电池, 碳基集流体, 亲钠特性, 电子结构, 界面稳定性

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have emerged as promising next-generation energy storage systems due to sodium’s high theoretical specific capacity (1076 mAh/g) and natural abundance in the Earth’s crust (2.3%). However, dendrite formation during cycling leads to safety risks and rapid capacity degradation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of three-dimensional (3D) carbon-based current collectors (CCs) as transformative platforms to regulate Na+ deposition. 3D carbon architectures—such as carbon nanotubes, graphene aerogels, and carbon cloth—offer high surface areas (500-1500 m²/g), robust mechanical frameworks, and optimized ion transport pathways, effectively reducing local current density and nucleation overpotential by 40-60%. Firstly, the fabrication technologies are critically discussed. The template methods enable precise pore control (1-50 mm) but risk structural collapse; sacrificial templates (e.g., MOFs) address this limitation, yielding composites with high conductivity and specific capacity (>600 mAh/g). 3D printing facilitates complex geometries—nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels (3DP-NGA) achieve dendrite-free deposition via pyrrolic-N defects. Pyrrolic-N defects guide uniform Na deposition. Electrospinning produces binder-free mesoporous carbon nanofibers (MCNFs), while CVD synthesizes graphitic domains with tunable porosity. We then discuss strategies to further enhance electrochemical performance. Atomic doping of 3D carbon materials can increase their sodium affinity, thereby promoting more uniform sodium deposition. Functionalization strategies—such as alloying and incorporating organic or inorganic composites—can further enhance sodiophilicity and help form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during -cycling. In addition, rational pore design can effectively regulate sodium plating and stripping behavior, thereby suppressing dendrite growth. Finally, we also highlight future opportunities and challenges: in situ characterization to unravel structure performance relationships; machine learning-guided inverse design; roll-to-roll manufacturing of gradient-doped CCs targeting costs below $5/m²; and integration with solid-state electrolytes to achieve energy densities above 500 W·h/kg. Overall, this review establishes 3D carbon-based CCs as pivotal enablers for practical SMBs, bridging fundamental research and industrial implementation through multidisciplinary innovation.

Key words: Sodium metal batteries, Carbon-based current collectors, Sodium-philic characteristics, Electronic structure, Interface stability