基于发光太阳能聚光器的透明光伏技术: 效率瓶颈、材料设计与前景展望

doi:10.6023/A25080292

化学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 84 ›› Issue (1): 160-172.DOI: 10.6023/A25080292 上一篇下一篇

综述

基于发光太阳能聚光器的透明光伏技术: 效率瓶颈、材料设计与前景展望

黄静^a^,^*(), 赵乐妍^a^,^b, 徐勃^c

^a 南京理工大学环境与生物工程学院南京 210094
^b 南京理工大学中法工程师学院南京 210094
^c 南京理工大学化学与化工学院南京 210094

投稿日期:2025-08-28 发布日期:2025-10-16

作者简介:

黄静, 博士, 南京理工大学环境与生物工程学院副教授, 硕士生导师. 主要从事基于量子点的光伏器件和发光器件的研究, 尤其在发光太阳能聚光器-光伏组件方面的研究.

赵乐妍, 2025年南京理工大学在读硕士研究生, 主要从事铜铟硫量子点基发光太阳能聚光器的制备与应用研究.

徐勃, 博士, 南京理工大学化学与化工学院教授, 博士生导师. 主要研究方向为能源光电材料与器件, 聚焦于光伏电池与发光显示等领域.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(62304108); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(30923011030); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(30925020113)

Transparent Photovoltaics Based on Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Efficiency Bottlenecks, Material Design, and Future Prospects

Jing Huang^a^,^*(), Leyan Zhao^a^,^b, Bo Xu^c

^a School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
^b Sino-French Engineer School, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
^c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China

Received:2025-08-28 Published:2025-10-16
Contact: * E-mail: jinghuang@njust.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62304108); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30923011030); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(30925020113)

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摘要/Abstract

透明光伏凭借其高透光特性可隐形集成于建筑及各种生活场景中, 能为高密度城市节能减排提供创新解决方案. 然而该技术在大规模应用前, 仍需解决一些关键技术问题, 包括在维持高视觉舒适度的基础上提升大面积器件的能量转换效率, 同步优化器件稳定性与成本控制. 为了应对这些技术挑战, 本综述重点探讨了发光太阳能聚光器-光伏(LSC-PV)组件这一种新型透明光伏的技术特点, 包括高太阳光利用率, 简便的制作工艺, 以及灵活的产品设计. 面对大面积LSC-PV效率限制的技术瓶颈, 本综述通过对LSC的光学效率影响因素的分析, 介绍了通过合成或者合成后修饰提高LSC内发光材料的荧光量子产率的方法, 同时讨论通过抑制发光材料在聚合物基质中的吸收-荧光光谱重叠系数提高LSC器件的波导效率的策略, 以获得高效率的LSC-PV组件. 最后, 通过介绍LSC与其他功能器件的联用技术, 表明透明光伏技术以及基于LSC-PV类型的透明光伏技术可通过持续的技术迭代与系统优化, 成为实现“双碳”战略目标的重要技术路径.

关键词: 透明光伏, 发光太阳能聚光器, 光学效率, 荧光量子产率, 发光材料/聚合物复合材料

Transparent photovoltaic (TPV), with its high light transmittance, can be seamlessly integrated into buildings and various daily-life scenarios, offering an innovative solution for energy conservation and emission reduction in high-density cities. However, before large-scale application, several key technical challenges must be addressed, including enhancing the power conversion efficiency of large-area devices while maintaining high visual comfort, and simultaneously optimizing device stability and cost control. To tackle these challenges, this review focuses on the technical characteristics of a novel TPV technology: the luminescent solar concentrator-photovoltaic (LSC-PV) devices. These characteristics include high solar energy utilization, a straightforward fabrication process, and flexible product design. Confronting the technical bottleneck of efficiency limitations in large-area LSC-PVs, this paper analyzes the factors influencing the optical efficiency of LSCs. It highlights strategies for improving the photoluminescence quantum yield of luminescent materials within LSCs through synthesis or post-synthetic modification, and for enhancing the waveguide efficiency of LSC devices by suppressing the absorption-emission spectral overlap integral of luminescent materials within the polymer matrix, ultimately aiming to achieve high-efficiency LSC-PV devices. Finally, by introducing the integration technology of LSCs with other functional devices, it demonstrates that TPV technology, particularly LSC-PV-based TPV, through continuous technological iteration and system optimization, will become a crucial technical pathway for achieving the "carbon peak and carbon neutrality" strategic goals.

Key words: transparent photovoltaics, luminescent solar concentrators, optical efficiency, photoluminescence quantum yield, fluorophores/polymer nanocomposites

引用此文

黄静, 赵乐妍, 徐勃. 基于发光太阳能聚光器的透明光伏技术: 效率瓶颈、材料设计与前景展望[J]. 化学学报, 2026, 84(1): 160-172.

Jing Huang, Leyan Zhao, Bo Xu. Transparent Photovoltaics Based on Luminescent Solar Concentrators: Efficiency Bottlenecks, Material Design, and Future Prospects[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(1): 160-172.

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图/表 8

图1. (a)透明光伏的器件结构示意图; (b)基于碲化镉薄膜太阳能发电技术的透明光伏采光顶, 中国西部科技创新港7号楼[9]; (c)柔性透明有机光伏器件[11]; (d)基于发光太阳能聚光器型的透明光伏在隔音屏障中的使用[12]; (e)透明光伏各领域应用的PCE及AVT要求[13]

Figure 1. (a) Structure of transparent photovoltaic; (b) Skylight roof with CdTe power generation glass, Building 7, Science and Technology Innovation Harbour, Western China[9]; (c) Organic photovoltaic products[11]; (d) Sound barrier prototype based on LSC-TPV[12]; (e) PCE and AVT requirements for transparent photovoltaic applications in different areas[13]

TPV	Active area/cm²	AVT/%	PCE/%	LUE/%	Ref.
c-Si	36	20	12.2	2.44	[10]
a-Si	0.25	29.3	6.41	1.88	[14]
CIGS	0.25	18.6	6.46	1.20	[15]
CIGS	—	12.3	10.5	1.29	[16]
CdTe	—	43	0.41	0.18	[17]
OPV	1.05	38.7	12.95	5.00	[18]
Perovskite	0.1	22	14.21	3.13	[19]
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell	14	26	8.7	2.26	[20]
CuInS₂/ZnS QDs-LSC	81	54	3.56	1.24	[21]
CuInS₂/ZnS QDs-LSC	841	51	1.36	0.42	[21]

表1. 不同透明光伏技术的效率对比

Table 1. An overview of TPV device based on different technologies

图2. (a) LSC-PV组件的结构示意图; (b) LSC器件在颜色[40]、柔性[41]和形状[42]方面的设计灵活性; (c) LSC器件与普通玻璃在机械强度及隔热、隔声性能方面的比较[43]; (d)基于LSC技术的发电窗户所建成的房屋模型[44]

Figure 2. (a) Structure of luminescent solar concentrators; (b) Design freedom of luminescent solar concentrators with colour tunability[40], flexibility[41], and shape diversity[42]; (c) Mechanical properties and thermal and acoustic insulation of the LSC as a building material, compared with regular glass[43]; (d) Model house based on LSC-solar power windows[44]

图3. (a) LSC器件内部光学损失过程分析; (b)对于具有不同吸收系数的波导介质, 正方形LSC器件光学效率随边长变化曲线[47]; (c)对于具有不同PLQY的发光团, LSC器件光学效率随散射系数变化的曲线(上)和对于具有不同重吸收系数的发光材料, 正方形LSC器件光学效率随边长变化曲线(下)[47]

Figure 3. (a) Analysis of internal optical losses in the LSC device; (b) Optical efficiency versus side length of square LSC devices for waveguide media with different absorption coefficients[47]; (c) Optical efficiency versus scattering length for LSC devices with luminophores of different PLQY (top) and Optical efficiency versus side length of square LSC devices for luminophores with different reabsorption coefficients (bottom)[47]

图4. (a)蓝色荧光染料C8-BTBT-Ox2-C8的分子结构式和UV-Vis吸收光谱-荧光光谱图以及(b)基于此染料的LSC大面积器件[53]; (c) CuInS2/ZnS量子点的UV-Vis吸收光谱-荧光光谱图和(d)基于此量子点的大面积LSC器件[21]; (e)未掺杂(紫色)和Yb-掺杂(深红色)CsPbCl3纳米晶体的荧光光谱以及相应的吸收光谱图(内嵌); (f)基于Yb-掺杂CsPbCl3纳米晶体的LSC器件(5 cm×5 cm)从总体(深红)、表面(浅红)和边缘(橙色)测试的荧光强度[55]

Figure 4. (a) Molecular structure and UV-Vis absorption-photoluminescence (PL) spectra of blue fluorescent dye C8-BTBT-Ox2-C8, and (b) Large-area LSC device based on this dye[53]; (c) UV-Vis absorption-PL spectra of CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots, and (d) Large-area LSC device based on these quantum dots[21]; (e) PL spectra of undoped (purple) and Yb-doped (dark red) CsPbCl3 nanocrystals with corresponding absorption spectra shown in the inset; (f) total (dark red), face (light red), and edge (orange) emissions measured for a 5 cm×5 cm QC-LSC using Yb3+-doped CsPbCl3 NCs[55]

图5. (a)由巯基和烯基通过迈克加成反应进行聚合的聚硫醚反应式; (b) MMA结构式及由MMA聚合成为PMMA的反应式; (c) LMA结构式及由LMA聚合成为PLMA的反应式, 其中EGDMA可作为聚合体系中的交联剂

Figure 5. (a) Reaction scheme for thiol-ene polymerization via Michael addition between thiol and ene groups; (b) Chemical structure of MMA and its polymerization to PMMA; (c) Chemical structure of LMA and its polymerization to PLMA with EGDMA as crosslinker in the system

图6. (a)优化后供体-受体有机染料对在PMMA中的吸收和荧光光谱[65]; (b)具有聚集诱导发光效应的染料TPA-BT的吸收光谱和荧光光谱[41]; (c)通过厚壳策略增大Stokes shift的CdSe/CdS量子点的吸收光谱和荧光光谱[66]; (d)嵌入OSTE基质后CuInS2/ZnS量子点的荧光光谱红移65 nm, 使量子点的光谱重叠系数显著降低[21]

Figure 6. (a) Absorption and emission spectra for the optimized blend of the donor-emitter mixture in PMMA[65]; (b) Absorption and photoluminescence spectra of TPA-BT[41]; (c) Absorption and PL spectra of CdSe/CdS QDs with enlarged Stokes shift achieved via thick-shell design[66]; (d) Significant 65-nm red shift in PL spectra of CuInS2/ZnS QDs embedded in OSTE polymer matrix, resulting in dramatically reduced spectral overlap integral[21]

图7. LSC技术联用示意图. (a)由LSC和白光LED构成的双层玻璃在日间(左边)和夜晚(右边)状态的设计示意图[71]; (b)由LSC作为VLC光学接收器的示意图[72]; (c) LSC-ECS联合器件的结构以及充-放电示意图[73]

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of LSC technology integrated with auxiliary technologies. (a) Schematic design of a double window made of LSC and white light-emitting glass for daytime (left) and nighttime (right)[71]; (b) Schematic of LSC as a VLC receiver in light[72]; (c) Structure and charging/discharging diagram of LSC-ECS[73]

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