生物矿化:构建酸性矿山废水新型被动处理系统的新方法

doi:10.6023/A17020058

摘要/Abstract

生物矿化是自然界普遍存在的现象，是生物介入下的矿物晶体形成过程，但如何有意识地去调控生物矿化过程并将之用于水处理上报道很少，报告了以生物矿化为核心的含重金属酸性矿山废水（AMD）处理新方法.将嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌负载在弹性填料上促进酸性矿山废水（AMD）中Fe²⁺生物氧化并与SO₄^2-形成施威特曼石（schwertmannite）矿物晶核并持续生长，并通过共沉淀和吸附作用原位去除AMD中部分有毒金属.水中残余的未参与生物矿化的Fe³⁺则在负载有嗜酸性铁还原菌的载体上被还原成Fe²⁺，继而再通过将嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌氧化成矿，如此交替构成亚铁生物氧化成矿和残余三价铁生物还原单元，重复多次，最大程度地将AMD中溶解性铁和硫酸根转变为施氏矿物，并去除部分有毒金属，施氏矿物可回收作为新型环境材料.生物矿化后的酸性出水则最后通过极少量的石灰中和即可使水质完全达标.这种"生物矿化-石灰沟渠"新型被动处理系统石灰需求量可减少80%以上，"毒渣"产生量减少90%以上，且"毒渣"中有色金属品位可提高10倍，能用于金属冶炼，是一种极有应用前景的酸性重金属废水处理与资源化新方法.

关键词: 酸性矿山废水, 生物矿化, 重金属, 嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌, 施氏矿物

Biomineralization, a ubiquitous phenomenon found in nature, is a process of the formation of mineral crystal mediated biologically. However, little information is available on how to consciously regulate and strengthen this biomineralization process with an aim to treat effectively wastewater. Here we develop a novel passive biomineralization-limestone ditch treatment system (PBDTS) for purifying toxic metal-containing acid mine drainages (AMD) generated in many mines. It is well documented that the treatment of AMD by traditional passive limestone ditch treatment system (PLDTS) consume a large amount of lime and consequently produce many toxic residue to be treated due to high concentration of dissolved iron and sulphate in AMD. In the paper, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans biofilm formed in elastic filler packed in AMD will oxide Fe²⁺in AMD into Fe³⁺ and subsequently form biogenic schwertmannite[Fe₈O₈(OH)₆SO₄]. Newly formed schwertmannite as a crystal seed will grow by self and scavenge, to a great extent, most of toxic metalloid As and a few of heavy metal cation through co-precipitation and/or adsorption processes. The remaining non-mineralized Fe³⁺ is reduced to Fe²⁺ by Acidiphilic iron-reducing bacterial (Acidiphilium sp.) immobilized in slow-release organic carbon-source material filled in next stage of AMD ditch. The resulting Fe²⁺ from the biological reduction of Fe³⁺ are re-oxidized by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and hydrolyzed to form schwertmannite through several oxidizing-reducing cycles. As a result, most of soluble Fe and sulphate in AMD can be removed and recovered in the form of schwertmannite in acidic AMD environment. The effluent of AMD pretreated by biomineralization could be neutralized and easily reach a water quality standard by China only with a few of lime. The results from simulation test showed that such a novel PBDTS could save more than 80% of lime requirement amount and produce less than 10% of toxic neutralized residues with comparison to traditional PLDTS. Moreover, the levels of nonferrous metals in the neutralized residues obtained in PBDTS are more than 10 times higher than that in PLDTS. Therefore, the neutralized residues obtained in PBDTS could be considered as nonferrous metal mine to be exploited. Undoubtedly, more attention should be paid to the role of biomineralization in wastewater treatment. Finally, future research needs are proposed in the paper.

Key words: acid mine drainage, biomineralization, heavy metal, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, schwertmannite

引用此文

周立祥. 生物矿化:构建酸性矿山废水新型被动处理系统的新方法[J]. 化学学报, 2017, 75(6): 552-559.

Zhou Lixiang. Biomineralization: a Pivotal Process in Developing a Novel Passive Treatment System for Acid Mine Drainage[J]. Acta Chim. Sinica, 2017, 75(6): 552-559.

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