基于纳米间隔电极对的DNA分子结电输运的研究进展

doi:10.6023/A19040127

化学学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 77 ›› Issue (10): 951-963.DOI: 10.6023/A19040127 下一篇

综述

基于纳米间隔电极对的DNA分子结电输运的研究进展

杨威宇^a, 雷志超^b, 洪文晶^b^*(), 黄飞舟^a^*()

^a 中南大学湘雅三医院长沙 410013
^b 厦门大学化学化工学院厦门 361005

投稿日期:2019-04-11 发布日期:2019-05-21
通讯作者: 洪文晶,黄飞舟 E-mail:whong@xmu.edu.cn;huangfeizhou@csu.edu.cn
作者简介:杨威宇, 男, 中南大学湘雅三医院在读硕士生. 2017年于中南大学湘雅医学院临床医学系获医学学士学位. 主要从事肝胆疾病生物标志物的前沿检测技术以及生物分子的电输运性质的研究.|雷志超, 男, 固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室科研助理. 2012年于厦门大学化学化工学院化学生物学系获理学学士学位, 2018年于厦门大学化学系获理学博士学位. 主要从事催组装、分子伴侣、染色质折叠和调控等方面的研究.|洪文晶, 男, 教授, 博士生导师. 2013年于伯尔尼大学化学与生物化学系获博士学位, 2017年获国家优秀青年科学基金资助. 现担任厦门大学化学化工学院教授委员会副主任, 化学工程与生物工程系系主任. 主要研究方向包括: 单分子尺度研究; 精密科学仪器研发; 人工智能的工业应用. 已在Acc. Chem. Res.、Chem. Soc. Rev.、Nat. Mater.等国际学术期刊上发表SCI收录论文50余篇.|黄飞舟, 男, 教授, 博士生导师, 一级主任医师, “湘雅名医”入选者, 中南大学湘雅三医院副院长. 现担任湖南省医学会常务理事、门静脉高压症专业学组组长. 主要研究方向包括: 门静脉高压症的发病机制及治疗策略; 肝癌的早期诊断及手术干预方式; 肝脏缺血再灌注损伤的发病机制及防治方法. 已在国际学术期刊上发表SCI收录论文30余篇, 主持省部级课题5项, 获省部级科技进步奖2项.
基金资助:
项目受中南大学湘雅三医院“新湘雅人才工程”(20150203);国家重点研发计划(2017YFA0204902);国家自然科学基金(21722305)

Advances in Charge Transport through DNA Molecular Junction by Employing Electrodes Pair with Nanometer-sized Separation

Yang, Wei-Yu^a, Lei, Zhi-Chao^b, Hong, Wenjing^b^*(), Huang, Fei-Zhou^a^*()

^a Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013
^b College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005

Received:2019-04-11 Published:2019-05-21
Contact: Hong, Wenjing,Huang, Fei-Zhou E-mail:whong@xmu.edu.cn;huangfeizhou@csu.edu.cn
Supported by:
Project supported by the New Xiangya Talent Project of the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University(20150203);the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0204902);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21722305)

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摘要/Abstract

脱氧核糖核酸分子是一类重要的生物分子, 在生物医学领域之外, 该类分子还因为其所具有的独特的双螺旋结构以及长程输运能力, 在分子电子学领域也引起了研究者的极大兴趣. 本文综述了近年来基于纳米间隔电极对构筑分子结这一研究范式, 在构筑脱氧核糖核酸分子结以及研究后者的电输运性质等方面的研究进展. 依据研究者所采用的不同纳米间隔电极对构筑技术, 主要围绕裂结法和切割法两大类研究方法所展开. 前者主要包括扫描隧道显微镜裂结法、导电原子力显微镜法、机械可控裂结法, 后者则主要包括碳纳米管切割法、石墨烯切割法、硅纳米线切割法. 在梳理不同实验方法的发展脉络、比较不同实验方法的各自特点的基础上, 对一些具有代表性的关于脱氧核糖核酸分子结的研究工作进行了重点介绍, 探讨了脱氧核糖核酸分子结所具有的与常规小分子体系所不同的特殊电学性质, 同时对该领域的未来发展进行了展望.

关键词: 分子电子学, 分子结, 脱氧核糖核酸, 电输运

Molecular electronics is an interdisciplinary science that mainly studies the charge transport through molecules and its main goal is to fabricate molecular devices with electrical functionalities. In the state-of-art of molecular electronics, the research paradigm is to fabricate electrodes pair with nanometer-sized separation and construct the molecular junction through the assembly of target molecules with the electrodes pair. With this framework, the target molecule can be integrated to the macroscopic measurement circuit. DNA is one of the most significant biomolecules in natural sciences. It had drawn great attentions in biomedicine because of the carried genetic instructions. In molecular electronics, DNA also had attracted much interest due to the distinct structure and its capability of long-range charge transport. Nevertheless, in the early stage of molecular electronics, the probe molecules were limited to those with simple structures and short lengths. In recent years, molecular electronics had witnessed a rapid progress due to the developments in micro/nano-fabrication and the detection for weak current signal. Specifically, it includes the improvements in the success rate, efficiency, and stability of the fabricated molecular device. Benefiting from that, the probe molecules had been extended to a number of complex compounds like DNA. We give a brief introduction to the recent progress in the fabrication of DNA molecular junctions and the studies on the corresponding charge transport, most of which were made by using the research paradigm of fabricating electrodes pair with nanometer-sized separation. According to the fabrication methods that employed, these advances were introduced in two classes. One is that made by the as-called break junction methods, which include STM-break junction, conductive AFM and mechanically controllable break junction. The other is that made by the as-called cutting methods, which include cutting of carbon nanotube, graphene and silicon nanowire. We summarize the historical development of these methods and give a comparison between them. We also introduce some representative research on the charge transport through DNA molecular junction, and discuss the distinct features of DNA in electrical properties compared to the conventional small molecules. To conclude, we give a prospect on the future development of the studies on charge transport through DNA molecular junction.

Key words: molecular electronics, molecular junction, DNA, charge transport

引用此文

杨威宇, 雷志超, 洪文晶, 黄飞舟. 基于纳米间隔电极对的DNA分子结电输运的研究进展[J]. 化学学报, 2019, 77(10): 951-963.

Yang, Wei-Yu, Lei, Zhi-Chao, Hong, Wenjing, Huang, Fei-Zhou. Advances in Charge Transport through DNA Molecular Junction by Employing Electrodes Pair with Nanometer-sized Separation[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2019, 77(10): 951-963.

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图/表 19

图1. 研究者选用的双链DNA分子的示意图[50]

Figure 1. Schematics of the six dsDNA molecules selected by the researchers[50]

图2. (a) 实验过程中采集到的典型电导曲线, 其中台阶的出现预示着在探针和基底间形成了稳定的分子结; (b) 改进的可调制STM-BJ装置的示意图; (c) 施加正弦振动调制过程中, 电导改变的幅度随时间的变化曲线[51]

Figure 2. (a) A typical current-distance trace recorded in experiment. The plateau indicates a stable molecular junction was established between the tip and substrate; (b) Schematic of the modified STM-BJ setup with a modulating tip; (c) The evolution of amplitude of conductance modulation with time as the junction was mechanically modulated[51]

图3. (a) EB分子和HOE分子的结构式, 以及其与DNA分子结合位点的示意图; (b) 与EB分子发生结合后, 实验中测得的DNA分子的一维电导统计柱状图; (c) 与HOE分子发生结合后, 实验中测得的DNA分子的一维电导统计柱状图[52]

Figure 3. (a) Chemical structures of EB and HOE molecules, and the schematic illustration of the formation of EB-DNA complex and HOE-DNA complex; (b) 1D conductance histogram and typical traces for EB-DNA molecular junction; (c) 1D conductance histogram and typical traces for HOE-DNA molecular junction[52]

图4. (a) 引入银电极作为准参比电极的STM-BJ装置示意图; (b) 蒽醌基团的结构式; (c) 修饰有蒽醌基团的DNA分子(Aq-DNA)结构示意图; (d) Aq-DNA分子分别处于氧化态、氧化态还原态共存、还原态下, 实验中测得的一维电导统计柱状图[53]

Figure 4. (a) Schematic of the STM-BJ setup with a Ag electrode serving as the electrochemical gate; (b) Molecular structure of anthraquinone; (c) Schematic of the modified DNA (Aq-DNA), where a base is replaced with an anthraquinone; (d) 1D conductance histograms of Aq-DNA as measured at different redox states[53]

图5. (a) 能够在DNA分子结两端产生温度差的STM-BJ装置示意图; (b) 实验中所研究的DNA分子的碱基对序列; (c) 不同类别DNA分子的塞贝克系数随碱基对数目的变化趋势[61]

Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of the STM-BJ setup equipped with a temperature-controllable tip; (b) Sequences of the studied DNA molecules; (c) The evolution of Seebeck coefficient along with molecular length for DNA molecules[61]

图6. (a) 由两种分子在金基底表面先后组装所形成的自组装单分子膜的示意图[62]; (b) 导电原子力显微镜法的实验装置示意图, 其中黄色与红色小球分别代表金原子与硫原子; (c) 实验中测得的分别对应于1~5个1,8-辛二硫醇分子的电流-电压特性曲线[40]

Figure 6. (a) Schematic illustration of a mixed SAM layer that established by a sequential assembly of two molecules on an Au substrate[62]; (b) Schematic drawing of an c-AFM setup, where the yellow and red balls represent gold and sulfur atoms respectively; (c) The measured I-V curves that contributed by 1 to 5 parallel 1,8-octanedithiol molecules[40]

图7. (a) 基于DNA杂交技术和金纳米粒子修饰方法的c-AFM实验装置示意图; (b) 实验中测得的典型的双链DNA分子的电流-电压特性曲线[64]. 研究者构筑的(c) ssDNA分子的SAM层, 以及分别以(d) 未修饰巯基的互补ssDNA、(e) 修饰了巯基的互补ssDNA、(f) 以巯基连接在金纳米粒子上的互补ssDNA与其进行杂交所形成的dsDNA分子的SAM层[65]

Figure 7. (a) Schematic illustration of c-AFM approach by employing DNA hybridization technique and nanoparticle assembly method; (b) Typical I-V curves measured for the as-fabricated dsDNA SAM layer[64]. Schematic drawings of the four types of molecular junctions, including (c) the ssDNA SAM layer, (d) the dsDNA SAM layer without top thiol groups, (e) the dsDNA SAM layer with top thiol groups, and (f) the dsDNA SAM layer with top Au nanoparticles[65]

图8. 当SAM层顶部修饰有不同大小的金纳米粒子时, 实验中所测得的电流-电压特性曲线[66]

Figure 8. The measured I-V curves for dsDNA SAM layers that modified with Au nanoparticles of different sizes[66]

图9. (a) 鸟嘌呤四联体DNA分子的单元结构; (b) 该分子的空间结构示意图; (c) 不同分子长度下所测得的电流-电压特性曲线; (d) 实验测试原理图以及典型的AFM图像, 其中彩色圆点为探针接触分子的不同位点[67]

Figure 9. (a) Chemical structure of a unit of G4-DNA; (b) Schematic stereostructure of G4-DNA; (c) Measured I-V curves for G4-DNA with different lengths; (d) Schematic drawing of the experimental protocol and a typical AFM image, where the colored dots represent the contact sites[67]

图10. (a) 机械可控裂结装置的示意图[69]; (b) 基于微纳加工技术制备的纳米接触电极对的扫描电镜图[71]

Figure 10. (a) Schematic drawing of an MCBJ setup[69]; (b) SEM image of the electrodes pairs with nanometer-sized constriction, which were prepared by micro/nano-fabrication techniques[71]

图11. (a) 基于电子束光刻法制备的悬空纳米电极对的扫描电镜图; (b) 实验中测试的DNA1分子和DNA2分子的结构示意图; (c) DNA1分子的一维电导统计柱状图; (d) DNA2分子的一维电导统计柱状图[74]

Figure 11. (a) SEM image of a suspended electrodes pair with a nanometer-sized constriction, which was fabricated by e-beam lithographic processes; (b) Schematic structures of the DNA1 and DNA2 that studied; (c) 1D conductance histogram of DNA1; (d) 1D conductance histogram of DNA2[74]

图12. (a) 纳米间隔逐渐增大过程中电导曲线的变化; (b) 正向偏压扫描(黑线)和反向偏压扫描(红线)时所得到的电流-电压特性曲线[80]

Figure 12. (a) Evolution of conductance as the size of nanogap gradually increases; (b) Measured I-V curves with a forward potential sweep (black curve) and a backward potential sweep (red curve)[80]

图13. (a) 具有3个平面单元以及末端锚定基团的G4-DNA分子的示意图; (b) 电极对之间未形成分子结(绿线和蓝线), 和有分子结存在(黑线和红线)情形下, 电阻随电极对间距的变化曲线[81]

Figure 13. (a) Schematic drawing of the G4-DNA molecule with three structural units and two anchors; (b) Evolution of resistance as the separation between electrodes pair gradually changed either in the absence of molecule junction (green line and blue line), or in the presence of molecular junction (black line and red line)[81]

图14. (a) 碳纳米管切割法的微纳加工流程示意图; (b) 碳纳米管切割法制备得到的含末端功能化基团的纳米间隔示意图; (c) 分子开关器件的工作原理示意图; (d) 分子开关器件随pH变化的响应[36]

Figure 14. (a) Schematic cutting of a carbon nanotube with micro/ nano-fabrication techniques; (b) Schematic drawing of the as-fabricated electrodes pair of carbon nanotube, with a nanometer-sized separation and two functional contacts; (c) Working principle of the molecular switch; (d) Response of the molecular switch in the cyclic changes of the pH value[36]

图15. (a) 碳纳米管分子结的AFM图, 其中箭头指向处为纳米间隔; (b) 由ssDNA(上图)和dsDNA(下图)组装于纳米间隔所形成的分子结的示意图; (c) 测得的ssDNA于大气(蓝线)和真空(红线)环境下的电流-电压特性曲线; (d) 测得的dsDNA于大气(蓝线)和真空(红线)环境下的电流-电压特性曲线[83]

Figure 15. (a) AFM image of the molecular junction with electrodes pair of carbon nanotube; (b) Schematic drawings of the ssDNA (top) and dsDNA (bottom) molecular junctions; the measured I-V curves in ambient conditions (blue line) and in vacuum (red line) for either (c) ssDNA or (d) dsDNA molecular junction[83]

图16. (a) 具有纳米间隔的石墨烯电极对结构示意图; (b) 用于构筑石墨烯分子结的不同长度分子的结构式[37]

Figure 16. (a) Schematic drawing of the graphene electrodes pair with a nanometer-sized separation; (b) The chemical structures of the studied molecules with varying lengths[37]

图17. (a) 以石墨烯为电极的DNA单分子器件的示意图; (b) EB分子溶液加入前(蓝线)和加入后(绿线), 流经源漏电极的电流与栅极电压之间的关系曲线; (c) EB分子溶液的浓度为5×10–7 mol/L(黑线)和5×10–13 mol/L(蓝线)时所测得的电流随时间的响应曲线[84]

Figure 17. (a) Schematic drawing of the DNA molecular device with graphene electrodes; (b) The curves of source-drain current versus gate voltage that measured before (blue line) and after (green line) the treatment of EB molecules; (c) The monitored current traces in the presence of EB molecules with concentration of either 5×10–7 mol/L (black line) or 5×10–13 mol/L (blue line)[84]

图18. 硅纳米线切割法的实验流程以及所得样品结构的示意图[85]

Figure 18. Schematic drawings of the cutting of a silicon nanowire and the as-fabricated sample[85]

图19. (a) 发卡DNA分子结的示意图; 在(b) 20 ℃和(c) 55 ℃下所测得的发卡DNA的电流随时间曲线以及相应的一维电导统计柱状图[86]

Figure 19. (a) Schematic drawing of the hpDNA molecular junction; the monitored current traces at 20 ℃ (b) and 55 ℃ (c), as well as the corresponding 1D conductance histograms[86]

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基于纳米间隔电极对的DNA分子结电输运的研究进展

Advances in Charge Transport through DNA Molecular Junction by Employing Electrodes Pair with Nanometer-sized Separation

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