SIOC English
化学学报
高级检索

化学学报 >

2013 , Vol. 71 >Issue 9: 1225 - 1238

DOI: https://doi.org/10.6023/A13030262

综述

直接甲醇燃料电池Pt基阳极催化剂的研究进展

  • 王宗花 ,
  • 史国玉 ,
  • 夏建飞 ,
  • 张菲菲 ,
  • 夏延致 ,
  • 李延辉 ,
  • 夏临华
展开
  • a 青岛大学纤维新材料与现代纺织实验室 国家重点实验室培育基地 青岛 266071;
    b 青岛大学化学化工与环境学院 山东省中日碳纳米材料合作研究中心 青岛 266071

收稿日期: 2013-03-10

  网络出版日期: 2013-06-13

基金资助

项目受国家自然科学基金(Nos. 20975056, 81102411, 21275082)、山东省自然科学基金(Nos. ZR2011BZ004, ZR2011BQ005)、日本科学促进协会和中国国家自然科学基金中日合作与交流(No. 21111140014)、生命分析化学国家重点实验室开放基金(No. SKLACLS1110)及国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划, No. 2012CB722705)资助.

收起

Research Progress on Pt-Based Anode Catalysts in the Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

  • Wang Zonghua ,
  • Shi Guoyu ,
  • Xia Jianfei ,
  • Zhang Feifei ,
  • Xia Yanzhi ,
  • Li Yanhui ,
  • Xia Linhua
Expand
  • a Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, The Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071;
    b College of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Shandong Sino-Japanese Center for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071

Received date: 2013-03-10

  Online published: 2013-06-13

Supported by

Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 20975056, 81102411, 21275082), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Nos. ZR2011BZ004, ZR2011BQ005), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and National Natural Science Foundation of China under the Japan-China Scientific Cooperation Program (No. 21111140014), the State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (No. SKLACLS1110) and the National Key Basic Research Development Program of China (973 special preliminary study plan, No. 2012CB722705).

Fold

摘要

作为未来能源储存和转换装置的理想选择, 直接甲醇燃料电池具有能量密度高、携带方便以及环境友好等特点. 直接甲醇燃料电池欲实现商业化关键在于如何降低其催化剂成本, 构建高效稳定催化层, 尤其是阳极催化层. 由于非Pt催化剂对于甲醇催化氧化效率太低, 远远达不到商业化应用的要求, 因此对于Pt基改性催化剂的研究具有更重要的现实意义. 对于催化剂而言, 其微观电子结构以及能级密度分布很大程度上决定着催化剂的本征催化活性. 因此通过对其宏观特性的调控以改变Pt的微观结构, 是提高Pt基催化剂催化活性的有力方向. 本文着重从催化剂的组成、形貌和粒度等方面就近几年对Pt基催化剂的改性研究进行了综述, 并对其改性机理进行了相关讨论.

关键词： 直接甲醇燃料电池; Pt基催化剂; 协同效应; 电子效应; 溢流效应

本文引用格式

王宗花 , 史国玉 , 夏建飞 , 张菲菲 , 夏延致 , 李延辉 , 夏临华 . 直接甲醇燃料电池Pt基阳极催化剂的研究进展[J]. 化学学报, 2013 , 71(9) : 1225 -1238 . DOI: 10.6023/A13030262

Abstract

In the past decades, fuel cells have emerged as an ideal device for energy storage and conversion owing to their high-energy conversion efficiency and low pollutant emission. Among various fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) appear to be one of the most promising systems because of their low operating temperatures, high energy density and easy transportation. However, it is known that the widespread commercial application of these cells is hindered by the high cost due to the exclusive use of platinum and platinum alloy catalysts. Thus, it is of great scientific and practical importance to exploit relatively inexpensive and highly active electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation. Although the utilization of non-noble catalysts may bring cost reduction to a certain degree, the excessively low performance is far below the commercial standard. Additionally, the formation and accumulation of intermediate species, such as COad and CHOad, which strongly adsorbed on the Pt surface, can substantially limit the efficience of the catalyst. Two main mechanisms are widely accepted to explain this improved tolerance to CO. As to the bifunctional mechanism model, a second metal can provide oxygenated species at lower potentials for oxidative removal of adsorbed CO. According to the intrinsic or ligand mechanism, the integrated metal modifies the electronic structure of Pt atoms, lowering the adsorption energy of COads and facilitating the oxidation of COads at a lower potential. Therefore, it seems that the modification or optimization based on monometallic Pt catalyst may be more practical. To our best understanding, the macroscopic structure of the catalyst plays a significant role in determining its intrinsic electronic construction. Hence, it is reasonable to improve the performance of the catalyst through monitoring its macroscopic properties to change the microscopic structure. In this paper, recent research progresses on the various approaches for the performance elevation of the anode catalyst have been summarized, mainly focusing on the composition, the morphology and the granularity. Especially the modification mechanisms have also been discussed.

Key words： direct methanol fuel cell; Pt based catalyst; synergistic effect; electronic effect; spillover effect

参考文献

[1] Wen, Z. H.; Juan, L.; Li, J. H. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 743.
[2] Martinez-Huerta, M. V.; Rodriguez, J. L.; Tsiouvaras, N. Chem. Mater. 2008, 20, 4249.
[3] Kwon, Y. H.; Kim, S. C.; Lee, S. Y. Macromolecules 2009, 42, 5244.
[4] Zhang, H. M.; Zhou, W. Q.; Du, Y. K.; Yang, P.; Xu, J. K. Acta Chim. Sinica 2010, 68, 2529. (张红梅, 周卫强, 杜玉扣, 杨平, 徐景坤, 化学学报, 2010, 68, 2529.)
[5] Tong, H.; Zhang, Y. L.; Zhu, J. J.; Zhang, X. G.; He, W. Acta Chim. Sinica 2012, 70, 1159. (佟浩, 张艳玲, 朱佳佳, 张校刚, 何卫, 化学学报, 2012, 70, 1159.)
[6] Li, Y. M.; Tang, L. H.; Li, J. H. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 846.
[7] Zhao, Y. C.; Zhan, L.; Tian, J. N.; Nie, S. L.; Ning, Z. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 1967.
[8] Santhosh, P.; Gopalan, A.; Lee, K. P. J. Catal. 2006, 238, 177.
[9] Dang, D.; Gao, H. L.; Peng, L. J.; Su, Y. L.; Liao, S. J.; Wang, Y. Acta Phys.-Chim. Sin. 2011, 27, 2380. (党岱, 高海丽, 彭良进, 苏允兰, 廖世军, 王晔, 物理化学学报, 2011, 27, 2380.)
[10] Zhu, J.; Cheng, F. Y.; Tao, Z. L.; Chen, J. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 6337.
[11] Jeon, M. K.; Daimon, H.; Lee, K. R.; Nakahara, A.; Woo, S. I. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 2692.
[12] Wu, G.; Swaidan, R.; Li, D.; Li. N. Electrochim. Acta 2008, 53, 7622.
[13] Wu, Y. N.; Liao, S. J.; Guo, H. F.; Hao, X. Y. J. Power Sources 2013, 224, 66.
[14] Hamel, C.; Garbarino, S. B.; Irissou, E. R.; Bichat, M. P.; Guay, D. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 18931.
[15] Wang, Y. S.; Yang, S. Y.; Li, S. M.; Tien, H. W.; Hsiao, S. T.; Liao, W. H.; Liu, C. H.; Chang, K. H.; Ma, C. C.; Hu, C. C. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 87, 261.
[16] Zhou, C.; Peng, F.; Wang, H.; Yu, H.; Peng, C.; Yang, J. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 1210.
[17] Chetty, R.; Xia, W.; Kundu, S.; Bron, M.; Reinecke, T.; Schuhmann, W.; Muhler, M. Langmuir 2009, 25, 3853.
[18] Wakisaka, M.; Mitsui, S.; Hirose, Y.; Kawashima, K.; Uchida, H.; Watanabe, M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 23489.
[19] Lamy, C.; Leger, J. M.; Srinivasan, S. Modern Aspects of Electrochem. 2001, 34, 55.
[20] Watanabe, M.; Motoo, S. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1975, 60, 267.
[21] Koper, M. T.; Shubina, T. E.; Santen, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 691.
[22] Alayoglu, S.; Zavalij, P.; Eichhorn, B.; Wang, Q.; Frenkel, A. I.; Chupas, P. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 3127.
[23] Godoi, D. R. M.; Perez, J.; Villullas, H. M. J. Phys. Chem. C 2009, 113, 8518.
[24] Greeley, J.; Mavrikakis, M. Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 810.
[25] Wang, D.; Zhuang, L.; Lu, J. T. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 16416.
[26] Bock, C.; Blakely, M. A.; MacDougall, B. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50, 2401.
[27] Mpourmpakis, G.; Andriotis, A. N.; Vlachos, D. G. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 1041.
[28] Pitois, A.; Davies, J. C.; Pilenga, A.; Pfrang, A. J. Catal. 2009, 265, 199.
[29] Koper, M. T. M.; Shubina, T. E.; van Santen, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 686.
[30] Hwang, B. J.; Sarma, L. S.; Chen, J. M.; Chen, C. H.; Shih, S. C.; Wang, G. R.; Liu, D. G.; Lee, J. F.; Tang, M. T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 11140.
[31] Xu, D.; Liu, Z. P.; Yang, H. Z.; Liu, Q. S.; Zhang, J.; Fang, J. Y.; Zou, S. Z.; Sun, K. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4217.
[32] Xu, J. B.; Hua, K. F.; Sun, G. Z.; Wang, C.; Lv, X. Y.; Wang, Y. J. Electrochem. Commun. 2006, 8, 982.
[33] Zhang, J.; Yang, H. Z.; Fang, J. Y.; Zou, S. Z. Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 638.
[34] Tritsaris, G. A.; Rossmeisl, J. J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 11984.
[35] Wakisaka, M.; Mitsui, S.; Hirose, Y.; Kawashima, K. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 23489.
[36] Antolini, E.; Salgado, J. R. C.; González, E. R. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2006, 63, 137.
[37] Cui, X. Z.; Shi, J. L.; Zhang, L. X.; Ruan, M. L.; Gao, J. H. Carbon 2009, 47, 186.
[38] Watanabe, M.; Zhu, Y. M.; Uchida, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2000, 104, 1762.
[39] Park, K. W.; Choi, J. H.; Kwon, B. K.; Lee, S. A.; Sung, Y. E. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 1869.
[40] Gasparotto, L. H. S.; Ciapinab, E. G.; Cantanec, D. A.; Gomes, J. F. Electrochim. Acta 2013, 104, 358.
[41] Cooper J. S.; McGinn P. J. J. Power Sources 2006, 163, 330.
[42] Mukerjee, S.; Urian, R. C.; Lee, S. J.; Ticcianelli, E.; McBreen, J. J Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151, A1094.
[43] Song, C. J.; Khanfar, M.; Pickup, P. G. J. Appl. Electrochem. 2006, 36, 339.
[44] Wang, Z. B.; Yin, G. P.; Lin, Y. G. J. Power Sources 2007, 170, 242.
[45] Park, K. W.; Choi, J. H.; Ahn, K. S.; Sung, Y. E. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 5989.
[46] Liang, Y. M.; Zhang, H. M.; Tian, Z. Q.; Zhu, X. B.; Wang, X. L.; Yi, B. L. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 7828.
[47] Yang, L. X.; Allen, R. G.; Scott, K.; Christenson, P.; Roy, S. J. Power Sources 2004, 137, 257.
[48] Liang, Y. M.; Zhang, H. M.; Zhong, H. X.; Zhu, X. B.; Tian, Z. Q.; Xu, D. Y.; Yi, B. L. J. Catal. 2006, 238, 468.
[49] Jeon, M. K.; Won, J. Y.; Lee, K. R.; Woo, S. I. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 2163.
[50] Wang, D. Y.; Chou, H. L.; Lin, Y. C.; Lai, F. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 10011.
[51] Zeng, J. H.; Lee, J. Y. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2007, 32, 4389.
[52] Strasser, P.; Fan, Q.; Devenney, M.; Weinberg, W. H.; Liu, P.; Norskov, J. K. J. Phys Chem B 2003, 107, 11013.
[53] Jeon, M. K.; Zhang, Y.; McGinn, P. J. Electrochim. Acta 2009, 59, 2837.
[54] Wang, J. S.; Xi, J. Y.; Bai, Y. X.; Shen, Y.; Sun, J.; Chen, L. Q.; Zhu, W. T.; Qiu, X. P. J. Power Sources 2007, 164, 555.
[55] Saha, M. S.; Li, R.; Cai, M.; Sun, X. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2007, 10, B130.
[56] Wang, Y.; Fachini, E. R.; Cruz, G.; Zhu, Y.; Ishikawa, Y.; Colucci, J. A. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2001, 148, C222.
[57] Wang, J. S.; Deng, X. Z.; Xi, J. Y.; Chen, L. Q.; Zhu, W. T.; Qiu, X. P. J. Power Sources 2007, 170, 297.
[58] Sandoval-Gonzalez, A.; Borja-Arco, E.; Escalante, J.; Jimenez- Sandoval, O.; Gamboa, S. A. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 1752.
[59] Xiang, X. D.; Huang, Q. M.; Fu, Z.; Lin, Y. L.; Wu, W.; Hu, S. J.; Li, W. S. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 4710.
[60] Wang, C. T.; Willey, R. J. Catal. Today 1999, 52, 83.
[61] El-Deab, M. S. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 2009, 4, 1329.
[62] Gao, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, Z. S.; Yang, W. L.; Wang, B.; Hou, M. J. Chem. Mater. 2011, 23, 3509.
[63] Wang, Y. L.; Zhang, D. D.; Peng, W.; Liu, L.; Li, M. G. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 5754.
[64] Wang, Y. L.; Ji, H. Q.; Peng, W.; Liu, L.; Gao, F.; Li, M. G. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 9324.
[65] Lee, K.; Nam, J. H.; Lee, J. H. Electrochem. Commun. 2005, 7, 113.
[66] Wang, Y.; Shao, Y. Y.; Matson, D. W.; Li, J. H.; Li, Y. H. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1790.
[67] Zhang, Y. J.; Mori, T.; Ye, J. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 6294.
[68] Choi, B.; Yoon, H.; Park, I. S.; Jang, J.; Sung, Y. E. Carbon 2007, 45, 2496.
[69] Liu, Z. W.; Shi, Q. Q.; Peng, F. Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 16, 73.
[70] Housmans, T. H. M.; Wonders, A. H.; Koper, M. T. M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 10021.
[71] Mukerjee, S.; Urian, R. C. Electrochim. Acta 2002, 47, 3219.
[72] Liu, S. X.; Liao, L W.; Tao, Q.; Chen, Y. X.; Ye, S. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 9725.
[73] Chen, D. J.; Hofstead-Duffy, A. M.; Park, I. S.; Atienza, D. O. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 8735.
[74] Kabbabi, A.; Faure, R.; Durand, R.; Beden, B.; Hahn, F. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1998, 444, 41.
[75] Rigsby, M. A.; Zhou, W. P.; Lewera, A.; Duong, H. T.; Bagus, P. S.; Jaegermann, W. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 15596.
[76] Cao, D.; Lu, G. Q.; Wieckowski, A.; Wasileski, S. A.; Neurock, M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 11622.
[77] Jarvi, T. D.; Sriramulu, S.; Stuve, E. M. Colloids Surf., A 1998, 134, 145.
[78] Ferrin, P.; Mavrikakis, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 14389.
[79] Housmans, T. H. M.; Wonders, A. H.; Koper, M. T. M. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 10028.
[80] Lebedeva, N. P.; Koper, M. T. M.; Feliu, J. M.; van Santen, R. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 12947.
[81] Mikita, K.; Nakamura, M.; Hoshi, N. Langmuir 2007, 23, 9097.
[82] Wang, S. Y.; Jiang, S. P.; Wang, X.; Guo, J. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 1567.
[83] Kim, J. M.; Joh, H. I.; Jo, S. M.; Ahn, D. J.; Ha, H. Y.; Hong, S.-A.; Kima, S. K. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 4834.
[84] Guo, S. J.; Zhang, S.; Sun, X. L.; Sun, S. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 15354.
[85] Bi, Y. P.; Lu, G. X. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 46.
[86] Ding, L. X.; Wang, A. L.; Li, G. R.; Liu, Z. Q.; Zhao, W. X.; Su, C. Y.; Tong, Y. X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 5731.
[87] Cheng, Q.; Tang, J.; Ma, J.; Zhang, H.; Shinya, N.; Qin, L. C. Carbon 2011, 49, 2918.
[88] Li, Y. X.; Wu, S. N.; Cui, X.; Wang, L.; Shi, X. M. Electrochem. Commun. 2012, 25, 19.
[89] Zhang, H. M.; Zhou, W. Q.; Du, Y. K.; Yang, P.; Wang, C. Y. Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 884.
[90] Ye, W. C.; Kou, H. H.; Liu, Q. Z.; Yan, J. F.; Zhou, F.; Wang, C. M. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 4096.
[91] Ghosh, S.; Raj, C. R. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 10843.
[92] Li, Y. M.; Tang, L. H.; Li, J. H. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 846.
[93] Lim, E. J.; Choi, S. M.; Seo, M. H. Electrochem. Commun. 2013, 28, 100.
[94] Jiang, F. X.; Yao, Z. Q.; Yue, R. R.; Du, Y. K.; Xun, J. K. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2012, 37, 14085.
[95] Wang, Z. H.; Xia, J. F.; Zhu, L. Y.; Guo, X. M.; Zhang, F. F.; Li, Y. H.; Xia, Y. Z. Sens. Actuators B: Chem. 2012, 161, 133.
[96] Wang, Z. H.; Yu, H. R.; Xia, J. F.; Zhang, F. F.; Li, F.; Xia, Y. Z.; Li, Y. H. Desalination 2012, 299, 50.
[97] Cheng, Q.; Tang, J.; Wang, Z. H.; Zhang, F. F.; Zhang, H.; Shinya, N.; Chen, L. C. 62nd of Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, September 11～15, 2011, Niigata, Japan.
[98] Shi, G. Y.; Wang, Z. H.; Xia, J. F.; Zhang, F. F.; Xia, Y. Z.; Li, Y. H. Acta Chim. Sinica 2013, 71, 228. (史国玉, 王宗花, 夏建飞, 张菲菲, 夏延致, 李延辉, 化学学报, 2013, 71, 228.)
[99] Rajesh; Paul, R. K.; Mulchandani, A. J. Power Sources 2013, 223, 23.
[100] Guo, S. J.; Fang, Y. X.; Dong, S. J.; Wang, E. K. J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 17104.
[101] Zeng, J. H.; Yang, J.; Lee, J. Y.; Zhou, W. J. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 24606.
[102] Zhang, H.; Yin, Y. J.; Hu, Y. J.; Li, C. Y.; Wu, P.; Wei, S. H.; Cai, C. X. J. Phys. Chem. C 2010, 114, 11861.
[103] Wu, Y. N.; Liao, S. J.; Liang, Z. L.; Yang, L. J.; Wang, R. F. J. Power Sources 2009, 194, 809.
[104] Fu, X. Z.; Liang, Y.; Chen, S. P.; Lin, J. D.; Liao, D. W. Catal. Commun. 2009, 10, 1895.
[105] Zhao, H. B.; Li, L.; Yang, J.; Zhang, Y. M. Electrochem. Commun. 2008, 10, 1529.
[106] Godoi, D. R. M.; Perez, J.; Villullas, H. M. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2007, 154, B474.
[107] Bergamaski, K.; Pinheiro, A. L. N.; Teixeira-Neto, E.; Nart, F. C. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 19271.
[108] Frelink, T.; Visscher, W.; van Veen, J. A. R. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1995, 382, 65.
[109] Takasu, Y.; Iwazaki, T.; Sugimoto, W.; Murakami, Y. Electrochem. Commun. 2000, 2, 674.
[110] Park, S.; Xie, Y.; Weaver, M. J. Langmuir 2002, 18, 5798.
[111] Bergamaski, K.; Pinheiro, A. L. N.; Teixeira-Neto, E.; Nart, F. C. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 19279.
[112] Rhee, C. K.; Kim, B. J.; Ham, C.; Kim, Y. J.; Song, K.; Kwon, K. Langmuir 2009, 25, 7147.
[113] Sun, Y. B.; Zhuang, L.; Lu, J. T.; Hong, X. L.; Liu, P. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15467.
[114] Sato, T.; Okaya, K.; Kunimatsu, K.; Yano, H.; Watanabe, M.; Uchida, H. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 450.
[115] Mukerjee, S.; McBreen, J. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1998, 448, 163.
[116] Zellner, M. B.; Chen, J. G. Catal. Today 2005, 99, 299.
[117] Mellinger, Z. J.; Kelly, T. G.; Chen, J. G. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 751.
[118] Guil-López, R.; Martinez-Huerta, M. V.; Guillen-Villafuerte, O.; Pena, M. A.; Fierro, J. L. G.; Pastor, E. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35, 7881.
[119] Zhang, X. F.; Shen, P. K. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2013, 38, 2257.
[120] Chu, D. B.; Zhou, X. F.; Lin, C. J. Chem. J. Chin. Univ. 2000, 21, 133. (褚道葆, 周幸福, 林昌健, 高等学校化学学报, 2000, 21, 133.)
[121] Wang, M.; Guo, D. J.; Li, H. L. J. Solid State Chem. 2005, 178, 1996.
[122] Hosseini, M. G.; Momeni, M. M.; Faraji, M. Electroanalysis 2010, 22, 2620.
[123] Zhao, Y. C.; Nie, S. L.; Wang, H. W.; Tian, J. N.; Ning, Z.; Li, X. X. J. Power Sources 2012, 218, 320.
[124] Samant, P. V.; Fernandes, J. B. J. Power Sources 1999, 79, 114.
[125] Vázquez-Gómeza, L.; Verlatoa, E.; Cattarina, S.; Comissoa, N.; Guerriero, P.; Musiani, M. Electrochim. Acta 2011, 56, 2237.
[126] Liu, Z. L.; Zhang, X. H.; Hong, L. Electrochem. Commun. 2009, 11, 925.
[127] Fleischmann, M.; Korinek, K.; Pletcher, D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1972, 10, 1396.
[128] Abdel Hameed, R. M.; El-Khatib, K. M. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2010, 35, 2517.
Options
文章导航

/

〈 〉