1 引言
2 结果与讨论
2.1 限域钯纳米团簇的构筑和表征
图1 PR的表征. (a) PR的透射电子显微镜图像; (b) PR的选区高分辨率透射电子显微镜图像; (c) PR的扫描透射电子显微镜图像; (d~f) PR的快速傅里叶变换分析及相应的三维原子堆积模型和二维排列方式Figure 1 Characterization of PR. (a) TEM imaging of PR; (b) Selected area HRTEM image of PR; (c) Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of PR; (d~f) Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis and the corresponding 3D atomic packing model, and 2D arrangement of PR |
2.2 钯团簇的类酶活性与ROS生成特性
图2 PR的类酶活性和生成ROS的种类. (a) PR协同催化示意图; (b)在PR和ROS清除剂存在下, oxTMB在652 nm处吸光度随时间变化; (c)在不同活性氧清除剂存在下oxTMB 2 min内652 nm处的吸光度强度变化; (d)不同浓度H2O2存在下oxTMB在652 nm处吸光度随时间的变化; (e) PR催化剂以H2O2为底物的Michaelis-Menten稳态动力学曲线. 反应体系包含0.5 mmol/L TMB、pH为6.5 4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸(HEPES)缓冲液及不同浓度H2O2 (0~100 mmol/L). 红色曲线代表200 μg/mL PR存在下的动力学拟合, 黑色曲线为无PR对照; (f) PR催化剂以H2O2为底物的Lineweaver-Burk图Figure 2 The enzyme-like activity of PR and the types of ROS generated. (a) Schematic diagram of PR synergistic catalysis; (b) The absorbance of oxTMB at 652 nm changes over time in the presence of PR and ROS scavengers; (c) The absorbance intensity of oxTMB at 652 nm changes within 2 min in the presence of different ROS scavengers; (d) The absorbance of oxTMB at 652 nm changes over time in the presence of different concentrations of H2O2; (e) The Michaelis-Menten steady-state kinetic curve of the PR catalyst with H2O2 as the substrate. The reaction system contained 0.5 mmol/L TMB, pH 6.5 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, and different concentrations of H2O2 (0~100 mmol/L). The red curve represents the kinetic fitting in the presence of 200 μg/mL PR, while the black curve serves as the control without PR; (f) Lineweaver-Burk plot of the PR catalyst with H2O2 as the substrate |
2.3 活性氧诱导磷脂膜模型发生脂质过氧化
图3 PR诱导脂质过氧化. (a)分别用空白组、PR、H2O2和PR+H2O2处理GPMVs诱导其脂质过氧化的共聚焦激光扫描显微镜图像, 用C11-BODIPY进行染色, 其中氧化态为绿色荧光, 还原态为红色荧光. 比例尺为50 μm; (b)四组绿色荧光的相对荧光强度分析, ****, P<0.0001; ns: 无显著性差异Figure 3 PR induced lipid peroxidation. (a) Confocal laser scanning microscope images (CLSM) of GPMVs induced lipid peroxidation were obtained for the blank group, PR, H₂O₂, and PR+H₂O₂, respectively, and stained with C11-BODIPY. In these images, the oxidized state is represented by green fluorescence, while the reduced state is represented by red fluorescence. Scale bar=50 μm; (b) Relative fluorescence intensity analysis of the green fluorescence among four groups, ****, P<0.0001; ns: no significant difference |
图4 脂质过氧化优先发生在无序区且促进相分离. (a) C11-BODIPY标记的GPMVs在对照条件下或脂质过氧化后的代表性图像. DiD标记无序结构域. 比例尺为5 μm; (b)空白组及脂质过氧化处理后GPMVs发生相分离的比例统计. 数据来自10个独立实验中, 总样本数约50个Figure 4 Lipid peroxidation preferentially occurrs in the disordered region and enhances phase separation. (a) Representative images of C11-BODIPY-labeled GPMVs under control conditions or after lipid peroxidation. DiD labels the disordered domains. Scale bar=5 μm; (b) Proportion of GPMVs exhibiting phase separation in the control group versus after lipid peroxidation treatment. Data are derived from 10 independent experiments, with a total of approximately 50 samples across all groups |
2.4 脂质过氧化诱导的膜极性变化
图5 脂质过氧化诱导细胞膜极性变化. (a)固定H2O2浓度为100 mmol/L, 改变PR (0~200 μg/mL)处理GPMVs后加入Laurdan检测其400~600 nm荧光光谱变化和(b)对应GP值. (c)固定PR浓度为100 μg/mL, 改变H2O2 (0~100 mmol/L)处理GPMVs后加入Laurdan检测其400~600 nm荧光光谱变化和(d)对应GP值Figure 5 Lipid peroxidation induced changes in cell membrane polarity. (a) The concentration of H2O2 was fixed at 100 mmol/L. After treating the GPMVs with PR (0~200 μg/mL), Laurdan was added to detect changes in the 400~600 nm fluorescence spectrum and (b) the corresponding GP value; (c) The concentration of PR was fixed at 100 μg/mL, and GPMVs were treated with H2O2 (0~100 mmol/L). Laurdan was then added to detect changes in the 400~600 nm fluorescence spectra and (d) the corresponding GP values |