Research Progress of Thermal Failure Mechanism and Ternary Blending to Improve Thermal Stability of Organic Solar Cells

doi:10.6023/A22110462

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 81 ›› Issue (2): 131-145.DOI: 10.6023/A22110462 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

有机太阳能电池热失效机制及三元共混提升其热稳定性研究进展

查汉^a^,^b, 房进^b, 闫翎鹏^a^,^c^,^*(), 杨永珍^c^,^d^,^*(), 马昌期^b^,^*()

a 太原理工大学材料科学与工程学院太原 030024
b 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所创新实验室&印刷电子研究中心苏州 215123
c 太原理工大学新材料界面科学与工程教育部重点实验室太原 030024
d 山西浙大新材料与化工研究院太原 030032

投稿日期:2022-11-14 发布日期:2022-12-23
通讯作者: 闫翎鹏, 杨永珍, 马昌期

作者简介:

查汉, 太原理工大学材料科学与工程学院2020级硕士研究生, 现于中科院苏州纳米技术与仿生研究所联合培养, 研究方向为有机太阳能电池的衰减机理和稳定性提升.

闫翎鹏, 太原理工大学副研究员, 工学博士, 硕士研究生导师, 研究方向包括: 有机太阳能电池的衰减机理及其稳定性提升研究, 碳纳米材料制备、功能化及其光电应用.

杨永珍, 太原理工大学教授, 工学博士, 博士研究生导师, 主要从事纳米碳功能材料、碳基光电材料和生物医药材料的研究. 马昌期, 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所研究员, 中国科学院百人计划研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向包括: 有机光电功能半导体材料与器件, 特别是可印刷光电半导体材料以及印刷制备纳米薄膜光电器件工艺与性能研究.

马昌期, 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所研究员, 中国科学院百人计划研究员, 博士生导师, 主要研究方向包括: 有机光电功能半导体材料与器件, 特别是可印刷光电半导体材料以及印刷制备纳米薄膜光电器件工艺与性能研究.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(61904121); 国家自然科学基金(22075315); 国家自然科学基金(22109172); 山西浙大新材料与化工研究院科技研发项目(2022SX-TD012); 山西浙大新材料与化工研究院科技研发项目(2021SX-TD012)

Research Progress of Thermal Failure Mechanism and Ternary Blending to Improve Thermal Stability of Organic Solar Cells

Han Zha^a^,^b, Jin Fang^b, Lingpeng Yan^a^,^c(), Yongzhen Yang^c^,^d(), Changqi Ma^b()

a College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
b i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
c Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
d Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan 030032, China

Received:2022-11-14 Published:2022-12-23
Contact: Lingpeng Yan, Yongzhen Yang, Changqi Ma
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(61904121); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22075315); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22109172); Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(2022SX-TD012); Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering(2021SX-TD012)

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Abstract

As an emerging high-efficiency solar cell, organic solar cells (OSCs) have been developed rapidly in recent years. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has reached more than 19%, which is the dawn of commercial application. However, the stability of OSCs is not yet satisfied, especially high processing and operation temperature may be applied to the cells, which requires a high thermal stability of the cells. The ternary strategy, where a third component is introduced into the photoactive layer of donor-acceptor based binary OSCs, was found to be able to simultaneously improve device performance and stability by regulating the intermolecular interactions, showing a great potential for application. In this review, we firstly summarized the mechanisms involved in the thermal decay process of OSCs, including thermally induced morphology changes of the photoactive layer, interfacial aging/chemical reactions, and interdiffusion behavior between the layers. Following this, the research progress of the ternary strategies in improving thermal stability are highlighted, and the mechanism for the stabilization effect is reviewed. By the end, the perspective of the ternary strategies in OSCs is given, pointing out that the selection of the proper third component and the understanding on the mechanism of the stabilization effect are the key issues and challenges.

Key words: organic solar cell, thermal stability, efficiency, ternary strategy

Cite this article

Han Zha, Jin Fang, Lingpeng Yan, Yongzhen Yang, Changqi Ma. Research Progress of Thermal Failure Mechanism and Ternary Blending to Improve Thermal Stability of Organic Solar Cells[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2023, 81(2): 131-145.

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Fig. & Tab. 13

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the working mechanism of T-OSCs: (a) charge transfer; (b) energy transfer; (c) parallel model; (d) alloy model

Figure 2. (a) Relationship between annealing temperature, time and crystallization. Reproduced with permission[49]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Schematic illustrating isothermal crystallization of ITIC. Reproduced with permission[50]. Copyright 2019, ACS Publications. (c) Schematic diagram of the relationship between Tcc, phase separation and stability. Reproduced with permission[51]. Copyright 2019, Cell Press

Figure 6. (a) JSC decay diagram of photo-aging followed by thermal aging and thermal aging followed by photo-aging. Reproduced with permission[82]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) The schematic diagram of the reaction between PEI or PEIE and the ITIC acceptor. Reproduced with permission[40]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) Conductivity degradation of PEDOT:PSS films heated at 120 ℃, PEDOT:PSS heating changes in three stages: (I) PSS chains are entangled with each other; (II) ionic bonds between PEDOT and PSS chains start to break; (III) PEDOT oligomers start to form conductive particles. Reproduced with permission[85]. Copyright 2009, Elsevier

Figure 7. (a, b) The DFT calculation diagrams of the optimized stacking structures of PM6 and PBB1-Cl. (c) Thermal stability (100 ℃) of PM6:Y6-BO-4Cl based binary and optimized ternary OSCs. (d, e) The changes of binary OSCs and PBB1-Cl based ternary blend films absorption spectra with heating time at 100 ℃. (f) The DSC curves during the heating process of PM6:Y6-BO-4Cl, PM6:PBB1-Cl:Y6-BO-4Cl and PM6:PBB2-Cl:Y6-BO-4Cl blend materials. Reproduced with permission[89]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry

Figure 8. (a) Normalized photovoltaic performance of the investigated PM6:BDTTT-2Cl blends without and with 1% (w) PZ1 as a function of annealing time at 150 ?℃ and 110 ?℃, respectively. (b) Surface topographic AFM images of the undoped and PZ1-doped films under thermal stress. (c) The one-dimensional GIWAXS line curves of the corresponding blends with respect to the OOP and IP directions. Reproduced with permission[33]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. (d) Thermal stressing (150 ℃) of PM6:Y6, PM6:Y6:PITIC-Ph blend films for various testing periods and performance of corresponding devices. (e) OM and AFM images of blend films after applying thermal stress at 150 ℃ for 560 h. (f) Cartoon representation of the blend morphology after long-term thermal annealing. Reproduced with permission[105]. Copyright 2021, Royal Society of Chemistry

Figure 9. (a) Molecular structures of PTB7, PTB7-th, PffBT4T-2OD, p-DTS(FBTTh2)2, PBDTTT-C-T, P3HT and BPO. (b) Schematic illustration of donor, PC71BM, BPO and hydrogen bond in active layer. Reproduced with permission[91]. Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH

Figure 10. Schematic diagrams of (a~d) D1:D2:A and (e~h) D:A1:A2 TOSCs in (a, e) efficient charge transfer, (b, f) effective charge transport, (c, g) efficient quantum yield and (d, h) balanced charge transfer and transport morphology models. Reproduced with permission[115]. Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH

Figure 11. (a) Schematic diagram of the radical scavenging mechanism of fullerenes. Reproduced with permission[35]. Copyright 2021, ACS Publications. (b) Autoxidation cycle of NFA and its main reaction sites as well as the radical burst sites. Reproduced with permission[120]. Copyright 2019, Royal Society of Chemistry

Figure 12. (a) Relationship between end-group π-π stacking distance and D for BZ4F-5, BZ4F-6 and BZ4F-7 molecules. (b) Schematic diagram of phonon transfer and molecular stacking in the films. Reproduced with permission[36]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (c) D values of PM6, Y7, N2200, PC71BM and ICBA. (d) D values of the blend films. (e) Thermal decay curves of the four devices. Reproduced with permission[93]. Copyright 2022, AIP Publishing

Figure 13. Diagram of the mechanism of ternary strategy to improve thermal stability of devices

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有机太阳能电池热失效机制及三元共混提升其热稳定性研究进展

Research Progress of Thermal Failure Mechanism and Ternary Blending to Improve Thermal Stability of Organic Solar Cells

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