Advances in Organic Photovoltaics

doi:10.6023/A20110502

Abstract

Organic solar cells (OSCs), based on organic semiconductor materials as photoactive layers, have attracted broad interest as a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology, since they can be fabricated into low-cost, colorful, semitransparent, flexible, and large-area devices through printing process. In the past decades, enormous efforts have been dedicated to improving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs, such as designing high-performance photovoltaic materials, optimizing device interfacial layers, controlling active layer morphology, developing new device architectures, and elucidating device working mechanism. Nowadays, the PCEs of small-area OSCs have exceeded 18%. In addition, in order to realize commercialization of OSCs, considerable progress has been made in manufacturing large-area OSCs, reducing cost, improving lifetime, and exploring potential applications in building integrated photovoltaics and indoor photovoltaics. Chinese researchers have made pioneering and leading contributions in this field. In this review, first, we briefly introduce basic knowledge of OSCs; then, summarize important recent research progress in terms of molecular engineering, device engineering, device physics and application exploration; finally, analyze challenges and future prospects of this field.

Key words: organic solar cell, molecular engineering, device engineering, device physics, application exploration

Cite this article

Tengfei Li, Xiaowei Zhan. Advances in Organic Photovoltaics[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(3): 257-283.

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Donor	λ_max^a/ nm	E_g^b/ eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_h^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Acceptor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	PC₆₁BM	0.63	9.5	68	5^e	^[38]
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	IC₇₀BA	0.870	11.35	75.0	7.40	^[11]
POD2T-DTBT	-	1.59	-5.18/-	0.20 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.722	12.3	70.5	6.26	^[13]
FBT-Th₄(1,4)	692	1.62	-5.36/-	1.92 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.76	16.2	62.1	7.64	^[14]
PffBT4T-C₉C₁₃	-	-	-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.7907	19.8	73.5	11.48	^[15]
PNTz4T	725	1.54	-5.16/-3.77	0.56 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.708	19.4	73.4	10.1	^[16]
PNTT	747	1.42	-5.36/-3.48	-	PC₇₁BM	0.77	20.5	71.6	11.3	^[17]
PTB7	-	1.63	-5.15/-3.31	5.8×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	14.50	68.97	7.40	^[22]
PBDTTT-C-T	692	1.58	-5.11/-3.25	0.011 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	17.48	58.7	7.59	^[23]
PTB7-Th	-	1.58	-5.22/-3.64	-	PC₇₁BM	0.80	15.73	74.3	9.35	^[24]
FTAZ	-	2.0	-5.36/-3.05	6.76×10^-5 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.79	12.45	72.2	7.10	^[25]
PTzBI	587	1.81	-5.34/-3.46	-	PC₇₁BM	0.87	13.50	73.95	8.63	^[26]
PBDB-T	622	-	-5.23/-3.18	-	PC₆₁BM	0.86	10.68	72.27	6.67	^[27]
PM6	614	1.80	-5.45/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.98	12.7	74	9.2	^[28]
PDBT-T1	628	1.85	-5.36/-3.43	0.03 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.11	75.0	9.74	^[29]
PBT1-C	-	1.84	-5.43/-3.36	1.8×10^-3 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.93	13.1	78.9	9.7^f	^[30]
DTS(PTTh₂)₂	-	1.5	-5.2/-3.6	0.12 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.78	14.4	59.3	6.70	^[31]
IDTT-FBT-3T	645	1.69	-5.26/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.95	12.4	55	6.54	^[32]
DRCN5T	685	1.60	-5.22/-3.41	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	15.88	69	10.08	^[33]
DR3TSBDT	633	1.74	-5.07/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.61	74	9.95	^[34]
BTR	620	1.82	-5.34/-3.52	0.1 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.90	13.90	74	9.3	^[35]
BTID-2F	-	1.68	-5.33/-3.46	3×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.95	15.7	76.0	11.3	^[36]
DPPEZnP-TEH	802	1.37	-5.14/-3.76	1.12×10^-3 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.78	16.76	61..80	8.08	^[37]

Donor	λ_max^a/ nm	E_g^b/ eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_h^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Acceptor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	PC₆₁BM	0.63	9.5	68	5^e	^[38]
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	IC₇₀BA	0.870	11.35	75.0	7.40	^[11]
POD2T-DTBT	-	1.59	-5.18/-	0.20 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.722	12.3	70.5	6.26	^[13]
FBT-Th₄(1,4)	692	1.62	-5.36/-	1.92 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.76	16.2	62.1	7.64	^[14]
PffBT4T-C₉C₁₃	-	-	-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.7907	19.8	73.5	11.48	^[15]
PNTz4T	725	1.54	-5.16/-3.77	0.56 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.708	19.4	73.4	10.1	^[16]
PNTT	747	1.42	-5.36/-3.48	-	PC₇₁BM	0.77	20.5	71.6	11.3	^[17]
PTB7	-	1.63	-5.15/-3.31	5.8×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	14.50	68.97	7.40	^[22]
PBDTTT-C-T	692	1.58	-5.11/-3.25	0.011 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	17.48	58.7	7.59	^[23]
PTB7-Th	-	1.58	-5.22/-3.64	-	PC₇₁BM	0.80	15.73	74.3	9.35	^[24]
FTAZ	-	2.0	-5.36/-3.05	6.76×10^-5 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.79	12.45	72.2	7.10	^[25]
PTzBI	587	1.81	-5.34/-3.46	-	PC₇₁BM	0.87	13.50	73.95	8.63	^[26]
PBDB-T	622	-	-5.23/-3.18	-	PC₆₁BM	0.86	10.68	72.27	6.67	^[27]
PM6	614	1.80	-5.45/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.98	12.7	74	9.2	^[28]
PDBT-T1	628	1.85	-5.36/-3.43	0.03 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.11	75.0	9.74	^[29]
PBT1-C	-	1.84	-5.43/-3.36	1.8×10^-3 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.93	13.1	78.9	9.7^f	^[30]
DTS(PTTh₂)₂	-	1.5	-5.2/-3.6	0.12 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.78	14.4	59.3	6.70	^[31]
IDTT-FBT-3T	645	1.69	-5.26/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.95	12.4	55	6.54	^[32]
DRCN5T	685	1.60	-5.22/-3.41	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	15.88	69	10.08	^[33]
DR3TSBDT	633	1.74	-5.07/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.61	74	9.95	^[34]
BTR	620	1.82	-5.34/-3.52	0.1 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.90	13.90	74	9.3	^[35]
BTID-2F	-	1.68	-5.33/-3.46	3×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.95	15.7	76.0	11.3	^[36]
DPPEZnP-TEH	802	1.37	-5.14/-3.76	1.12×10^-3 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.78	16.76	61..80	8.08	^[37]

Acceptor	λ_max^a/ nm	E_g^b/ eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
PPDIDTT	630	1.7	-5.9/-3.9	13×10^-3 (o)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.765	9.77	60.9	4.55^e	^[44]
PDI-V	598	1.74	-5.77/-4.03	1.9×10^-3 (s)	PTB7-Th	0.74	15.9	63	7.57	^[45]
NDP-V	547	1.91	-5.94/-4.03	2.5×10^-3 (s)	PTB7-Th	0.74	17.07	67	8.59	^[46]
hPDI4	-	-	-6.26/-3.91	-	PTB7-Th	0.80	15.2	68	8.3	^[47]
TPH-Se	530	-	-/-3.80	3.2×10^-3 (s)	PDBT-T1	1.00	12.99	71.5	9.28	^[48]
BFTPT	474	2.12	-/-3.88	-	PBDB-T	0.94	12.83	62.4	7.52	^[49]
Per 1	-	2.068	-6.12/-4.06	8×10^-3 (o)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.76	7.9	46	2.78	^[50]
SdiPBI-Se	474	2.22	-6.09/-3.87	6.4×10^-3 (s)	PDBT-T1	0.96	12.49	70.2	8.42	^[51]
SF-PDI₂	-	-	-5.99/-3.62	-	P3TEA	1.11	13.27	64.3	9.5	^[53]
S(TPA-PDI)	-	1.76	-5.40/-3.70	3×10^-5 (s)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.88	11.92	33.6	3.32	^[54]
TPO-PDI	535	2.09	-5.88/-3.70	-	P3TEA	0.99	14.89	74.7	11.01	^[55]
TPB	530	-	-5.71/-3.89	-	PTB7-Th	0.79	18.40	58	8.47	^[56]
FTTB-PDI4	404	1.88	-5.74/-3.58	-	P3TEA	1.13	13.89	65.9	10.58	^[57]
N2200	-	1.45	-/-4.0	0.85 (o)	PTzBI-Si	0.88	17.62	75.78	11.76	^[60]

Acceptor	λ_max^a/ nm	E_g^b/ eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
PPDIDTT	630	1.7	-5.9/-3.9	13×10^-3 (o)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.765	9.77	60.9	4.55^e	^[44]
PDI-V	598	1.74	-5.77/-4.03	1.9×10^-3 (s)	PTB7-Th	0.74	15.9	63	7.57	^[45]
NDP-V	547	1.91	-5.94/-4.03	2.5×10^-3 (s)	PTB7-Th	0.74	17.07	67	8.59	^[46]
hPDI4	-	-	-6.26/-3.91	-	PTB7-Th	0.80	15.2	68	8.3	^[47]
TPH-Se	530	-	-/-3.80	3.2×10^-3 (s)	PDBT-T1	1.00	12.99	71.5	9.28	^[48]
BFTPT	474	2.12	-/-3.88	-	PBDB-T	0.94	12.83	62.4	7.52	^[49]
Per 1	-	2.068	-6.12/-4.06	8×10^-3 (o)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.76	7.9	46	2.78	^[50]
SdiPBI-Se	474	2.22	-6.09/-3.87	6.4×10^-3 (s)	PDBT-T1	0.96	12.49	70.2	8.42	^[51]
SF-PDI₂	-	-	-5.99/-3.62	-	P3TEA	1.11	13.27	64.3	9.5	^[53]
S(TPA-PDI)	-	1.76	-5.40/-3.70	3×10^-5 (s)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.88	11.92	33.6	3.32	^[54]
TPO-PDI	535	2.09	-5.88/-3.70	-	P3TEA	0.99	14.89	74.7	11.01	^[55]
TPB	530	-	-5.71/-3.89	-	PTB7-Th	0.79	18.40	58	8.47	^[56]
FTTB-PDI4	404	1.88	-5.74/-3.58	-	P3TEA	1.13	13.89	65.9	10.58	^[57]
N2200	-	1.45	-/-4.0	0.85 (o)	PTzBI-Si	0.88	17.62	75.78	11.76	^[60]

Acceptor	λ_max^a/nm	E_g^b/eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/(cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
ITIC	702	1.59	-5.48/-3.83	3×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.81	14.21	59.1	6.80	^[61]
					PBDB-T	0.899	16.81	74.2	11.21	^[62]
					J71	0.94	17.32	69.77	11.41	^[63]
NTIC	694	1.67	-5.58/-3.76	8.4×10^-5	PBDB-T	0.935	13.55	68.1	8.63	^[64]
FDICTF (F-H)	689	1.63	-5.43/-3.71	-	PBDB-T	0.94	15.81	66	10.06	^[65]
IOIC2	764	1.55	-5.41/-3.78	1.0×10^-3	FTAZ	0.900	19.7	69.3	12.3	^[66]
NFBDT	731	1.56	-5.40/-3.83	-	PBDB-T	0.868	17.85	67.2	10.42	^[67]
IHIC	748	1.38	-5.45/-3.93	2.4×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.792	18.4	72.5	10.6	^[125]
FOIC	836	1.32	-5.36/-3.92	4.7×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.743	24.0	67.1	12.0	^[69]
F5IC	694	1.64	-5.82/-4.05	8.1×10^-5	FTAZ	0.704	14.88	53.7	5.6	^[70]
F7IC (IT-4F)	730	1.56	-5.74/-4.01	1.5×10^-4	FTAZ	0.742	18.43	59.7	8.2	^[70]
					PBDB-T-SF	0.88	20.88	71.3	13.10	^[88]
					PBDB-T-2Cl	0.86	21.80	77	14.4	^[89]
					P2F-EHp	0.891	19.65	74.09	12.96	^[91]
F9IC (INIC3)	746	1.49	-5.52/-3.97	1.7×10^-4	FTAZ	0.873	20.20	66.4	11.7	^[70]
F11IC	740	1.47	-5.44/-3.94	1.4×10^-3	FTAZ	-	-	-	-	^[70]
F6IC	800	1.36	-5.66/-4.02	1.0×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.611	18.07	64.0	7.1	^[71]
F8IC	862	1.27	-5.43/-4.00	1.5×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.640	25.12	67.6	10.9	^[71]
F10IC	862	1.25	-5.26/-3.96	1.1×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.732	20.83	66.8	10.2	^[71]
AOIC	811	1.39	-5.50/-3.93	2.1×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.744	24.51	75.0	13.7	^[73]
IDT6CN-M	696	1.65	-5.60/-3.87	9.64×10^-4	PBDB-T	0.91	16.02	76.83	11.20	^[74]
TPTTT-2F	724	1.56	-5.69/-4.01	4.82×10^-4	PBT1-C	0.916	17.63	74.5	12.03	^[75]
IDTIDSe-IC	815	1.52	-5.41/-3.81	1.27×10^-5	J51	0.91	15.16	58.0	8.02	^[76]
CO_i8DFIC	-	1.26	-5.50/-3.88	-	PTB7-Th	0.68	26.12	68.2	12.16	^[77]
FO-2F	728	1.47	-5.72/-3.94	-	PM6	0.878	22.26	77	15.05	^[78]
IOIC3	765	1.45	-5.38/-3.84	1.5×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.762	22.9	74.9	13.1	^[79]
MO-IDIC-2F	697	1.55	-5.80/-3.93	1.01×10^-3	PTQ10	0.906	19.87	74.8	13.46	^[80]
SN6IC-4F	-	1.32	-5.52/-4.11	-	PBDB-T	0.78	23.2	73	13.2	^[82]
INPIC-4F	821	1.39	-5.42/-3.94	1.28×10^-3	PBDB-T	0.85	21.61	71.50	13.13	^[83]
M34	798	1.39	-5.60/-3.91	-	PM6	0.91	23.63	70.66	15.24	^[84]
Y1	802	1.44	-5.45/-3.95	-	PBDB-T	0.87	22.44	69.10	13.42	^[86]
Y6	821	1.33	-5.65/-4.10	3.3×10^-3	PM6	0.83	25.3	74.8	15.7	^[87]
Y6	821	1.33	-5.65/-4.10	3.3×10^-3	D18	0.859	27.70	76.6	18.22	^[4]
INIC	706	1.57	-5.45/-3.88	6.1×10^-5	FTAZ	0.957	13.51	57.9	7.5^e	^[72]
INIC1	720	1.56	-5.54/-3.97	1×10^-4	FTAZ	0.929	16.63	64.3	9.9^e	^[72]
INIC2	728	1.52	-5.52/-3.98	1.2×10^-4	FTAZ	0.903	17.56	66.8	10.6^e	^[72]
IT-M	700	1.60	-5.58/-3.98	-	PBDB-T	0.94	17.44	73.5	12.05	^[92]
IT-DM	692	1.63	-5.56/-3.93	-	PBDB-T	0.97	16.48	70.6	11.29	^[92]
IT-OM-2	706	1.59	-5.49/-3.86	1.9×10^-4	PBDB-T	0.93	17.53	73	11.9	^[93]
IT-4Cl	746	1.48	-5.75/-4.09	-	PM6	0.790	22.67	75.2	13.45	^[94]
FDNCTF	714	1.60	-5.42/-3.73	-	PBDB-T	0.93	16.5	72.7	11.2	^[96]
ITCC	670	1.67	-5.47/-3.76	9.26×10^-4	PBDB-T	1.01	15.9	71	11.4	^[97]
ITCPTC	715	1.65	-5.62/-3.96	6.47×10^-4	PBT1-EH	0.95	16.5	75.1	11.8	^[98]
ITC-2Cl	746	1.58	-5.58/-4.01	7.78×10^-4	PM6	0.91	20.1	74.1	13.6	^[100]
BTP-4Cl	839	1.33	-5.68/-4.12	-	PM6	0.867	25.4	75.0	16.5	^[101]
ZY-4Cl	-	-	-5.64/-3.67	-	P3HT	0.88	16.49	65	9.46	^[102]
BTP-2F-ThCl	839	1.34	-5.70/-3.99	5.56×10^-4	PM6	0.869	25.38	77.4	17.06	^[103]
BTP-S2	-	1.41	-5.65/-4.01	-	PM6	0.945	24.07	72.02	16.37	^[104]
IDIC	716	1.62	-5.69/-3.91	1.1×10^-3	PDBT-T1	0.89	15.05	65	8.71	^[105]
IDIC-C4Ph	714	1.62	-5.70/-3.93	-	PM6	0.941	19.06	78.32	14.04	^[106]
ITIC-Th	706	1.60	-5.66/-3.93	6.1×10^-4	PDBT-T1	0.88	16.24	67.1	9.6	^[107]
m-ITIC	700	1.58	-5.52/-3.82	2.45×10^-4	J61	0.912	18.31	70.55	11.77	^[108]
C8-ITIC	738	1.55	-5.63/-3.91	-	PFBDB-T	0.94	19.6	72	13.2	^[109]
FINIC	728	1.51	-5.56/-4.05	8.3×10^-4	PBDB-T-SF	0.87	22.0	73	14.0	^[110]
ITIC2	738	1.53	-5.43/-3.92	1.3×10^-3	FTAZ	0.925	18.88	63.0	11.0	^[111]
FNIC1	752	1.48	-5.61/-4.00	1.2×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.774	19.97	66.4	10.3	^[112]
FNIC2	794	1.38	-5.56/-3.93	1.7×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.741	23.93	73.4	13.0	^[112]
ITC6-IC	709	1.60	-5.73/-3.92	-	PBDB-T	0.97	16.41	73	11.61	^[113]
Y11	-	1.31	-5.69/-3.87	-	PM6	0.833	26.74	74.33	16.54	^[114]
IEIC	722	1.57	-5.42/-3.82	2.1×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.97	13.55	48	6.31	^[115]
IEICO	-	1.34	-5.32/-3.95	1.4×10^-4	PBDTTT-E-T	0.82	17.7	58	8.4	^[116]
IEICO-4F	-	1.24	-5.44/-4.19	1.14×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.739	22.8	59.4	10.0	^[117]
IDTCN-O	742	1.53	-5.54/-3.80	-	PBDB-T	0.91	19.96	73.2	13.28	^[118]
Acceptor	λ_max^a/nm	E_g^b/eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/(cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
IDT-2BR	658	1.68	-5.52/-3.69	3.4×10^-4	P3HT	0.84	8.91	68.1	5.12	^[119]
O-IDTBR	690	1.63	-5.51/-	-	P3HT	0.72	13.9	60	6.30^e	^[120]
ATT-3	692	1.61	-5.32/-3.40	-	P3HT	0.927	10.93	62	6.26	^[121]
BTA43	644	1.78	-5.44/-3.47	-	P3HT	0.89	10.84	68	6.56	^[122]
JC2	760	1.48	-5.48/-3.73	4.1×10^-4	P3HT	0.71	13.96	63	6.24	^[123]
TrBTIC	608	1.80	-5.56/-3.62	-	P3HT	0.88	13.04	71.9	8.25	^[124]

有机光伏研究进展