Magnetic and Photoelectrocatalytic Properties of BiVO4 Surface Heterojunctions Controlled by Oxygen Vacancies

doi:10.6023/A23120532

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 82 ›› Issue (4): 409-415.DOI: 10.6023/A23120532 Previous Articles Next Articles

Original article

氧空位控制BiVO₄晶面异质结的磁性和光电催化性能

王国景^a^,^b^,^*(), 陈永辉^a, 张秀芹^a, 张俊笙^a, 徐俊敏^c^,^*(), 王静^c^,^*()

a 兰州大学材料与能源学院兰州 730000
b 中国矿业大学材料与物理学院徐州 221116
c 郑州大学物理学院教育部集成电路设计与应用国际合作联合实验室郑州 450001

投稿日期:2023-12-13 发布日期:2024-03-06
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(62304094); 甘肃省自然科学基金(22JR5RA484); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(lzujbky-2023-45); 教育部先进材料重点实验室开放课题(AdvMat-2023-2); 河南省高等学校重点科研项目(24A430039); 河南省自然科学基金(242300420310)

Magnetic and Photoelectrocatalytic Properties of BiVO₄ Surface Heterojunctions Controlled by Oxygen Vacancies

Guojing Wang^a^,^b(), Yonghui Chen^a, Xiuqin Zhang^a, Junsheng Zhang^a, Junmin Xu^c,*(), Jing Wang^c,*()

a School of Material & Energy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000
b School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116
c International Joint Laboratory for Integrated Circuits Design and Application, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001

Received:2023-12-13 Published:2024-03-06
Contact: * E-mail: wanggj@lzu.edu.cn; junminxu@zzu.edu.cn; jingwang3@zzu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62304094); Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province in China(22JR5RA484); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China(lzujbky-2023-45); Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education(AdvMat-2023-2); Key Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province(24A430039); Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(242300420310)

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Abstract

In ferromagnetic photocatalysts, most charges have the same spin state, which suppresses photogenerated electron-hole recombination. However, ferromagnetic photocatalysts are rare, and the impact of spin is negligible in nonferromagnetic photocatalysts. In this study, the ferromagnetic properties of BiVO₄ are regulated in terms of crystal plane orientation and oxygen vacancy synergism, considering the different formation energies of oxygen vacancies in its {010} and {110} planes. BiVO₄ powders with tunable crystal facets are synthesized by using a solvothermal method. The synthesized BiVO₄ surface heterojunctions with {010}/{110} crystal plane ratios of 0.17 and 0.93 are referred to as BiVO₄-pH=0.5 and BiVO₄-pH=1, respectively. The density of oxygen vacancies in BiVO₄ is regulated by annealing at 450 ℃ for 2 h in a N₂ atmosphere inside a tube furnace. The annealed BiVO₄ surface heterojunctions are called BiVO₄-pH=0.5-N₂ and BiVO₄- pH=1-N₂. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is performed to examine the ratios of the number of surface oxygen vacancies to the number of surface oxygen atoms at the intrinsic sites (O_V/O_L). The ratios for BiVO₄-pH=1, BiVO₄-pH=1-N₂, BiVO₄-pH=0.5, and BiVO₄-pH=0.5-N₂ are 18.96%, 20.36%, 16.04%, and 21.42%, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis is performed to determine the concentration of oxygen vacancies because the oxygen vacancies are refilled with oxygen atoms at high temperatures resulting in weight gain. The O_V/O_L ratios for the entire material are 0.56% and 0.23% for BiVO₄-pH=0.5-N₂ and BiVO₄-pH=1-N₂, respectively. The proportion of oxygen vacancies in the BiVO₄ surface heterojunctions decreases with increasing {010}/{110} ratio after annealing in the N₂ atmosphere. This is because the formation energy of oxygen vacancies in the {010} plane is lower than that in the {110} plane. The ferromagnetic properties of the BiVO₄ surface heterojunctions are correlated to the concentration of oxygen vacancies and the ratio of the {010}/{110} crystal planes. The ferromagnetic properties of BiVO₄ with a lower {010}/{110} ratio (BiVO₄-pH=0.5) are superior to those of BiVO₄ with a higher {010}/{110} ratio (BiVO₄-pH=1). BiVO₄-pH=0.5 has a smaller particle size and is more three-dimensional, indicating a larger specific surface area and interfacial region. The contribution of the surface unsaturated spin to the total magnetic moment in BiVO₄-pH=0.5 is higher than that in BiVO₄-pH=1. The introduced oxygen vacancies enhance the ferromagnetic properties of BiVO₄-pH=0.5 as well as the photoelectrocatalytic H₂ production properties of the BiVO₄ surface heterojunctions (BiVO₄-pH=0.5 and BiVO₄-pH=1). The formal quantum efficiency (FQE) used in this study is synonymous with the photonic efficiency calculated from the known spectral distribution of the excitation source and known absorption spectrum of the reaction system. The FQE values of BiVO₄-pH=1, BiVO₄-pH=1-N₂, BiVO₄-pH=0.5, and BiVO₄-pH=0.5-N₂ are 0.0086%, 0.045%, 0.0019%, and 0.032%, respectively. The enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance can be attributed to the significantly increased visible light absorption capacity, rapid transport of electrons and holes, high photogenerated electron-hole separation efficiency, and improved reduction potential. In particular, BiVO₄ with a higher {010}/ {110} ratio exhibits a higher photocurrent density and a greater H₂ production efficiency because the {010} facets have higher charge mobility, better water adsorption characteristics, and lower energy barrier compared to the {110} facets.

Key words: ferromagnetic photocatalyst, oxygen vacancy, BiVO₄ surface heterojunction, hydrogen production

Cite this article

Guojing Wang, Yonghui Chen, Xiuqin Zhang, Junsheng Zhang, Junmin Xu, Jing Wang. Magnetic and Photoelectrocatalytic Properties of BiVO₄ Surface Heterojunctions Controlled by Oxygen Vacancies[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2024, 82(4): 409-415.

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Fig. & Tab. 8

Figure 1. (a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and (b) high-magnification SEM images of BiVO4-pH=0.5, and (c) SEM and (d) high-magnification SEM images of BiVO4-pH=1

Figure 2. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) profiles of the BiVO4-pH=1, BiVO4-pH=1-N2, BiVO4-pH=0.5, and BiVO4-pH=0.5-N2 samples: (a) O 1s, (b) Bi 4f, and (c) V 2p

Figure 3. (a) Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curves of the BiVO4-pH=1, BiVO4-pH=1-N2, BiVO4-pH=0.5, and BiVO4-pH=0.5-N2 samples, and (b) TGA difference curve between BiVO4-N2 and BiVO4-air

Figure 4. Hysteresis curves of the BiVO4-pH=1, BiVO4-pH=1-N2, BiVO4-pH=0.5, and BiVO4-pH=0.5-N2 samples

Figure 5. Photoelectrocatalytic H2 evolution observed for the BiVO4- pH=1, BiVO4-pH=1-N2, BiVO4-pH=0.5 and BiVO4-pH=0.5-N2 samples

Figure 6. Absorption spectra (a) and optical band gap (b) for BiVO4-pH=1, BiVO4-pH=1-N2, BiVO4-pH=0.5 and BiVO4-pH=0.5-N2 samples

Figure 7. Mott-Schottky plots of BiVO4-pH=1, BiVO4-pH=1-N2, BiVO4-pH=0.5 and BiVO4-pH=0.5-N2 electrodes

Figure 8. Photocurrent-time characteristics (J vs t) for BiVO4-pH=1, BiVO4-pH=1-N2, BiVO4-pH=0.5 and BiVO4-pH=0.5-N2 electrodes

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氧空位控制BiVO₄晶面异质结的磁性和光电催化性能

Magnetic and Photoelectrocatalytic Properties of BiVO₄ Surface Heterojunctions Controlled by Oxygen Vacancies

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氧空位控制BiVO4晶面异质结的磁性和光电催化性能