Mechanochemistry: Pollutant Transformation Mechanism and Environmental Applications

doi:10.6023/A25030074

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 83 ›› Issue (9): 1055-1071.DOI: 10.6023/A25030074 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

机械力环境化学: 污染物转化机理与应用展望

张聿棋, 刘金泽, 薛东旭, 史昱翔^*(), 张伟贤^*()

同济大学环境科学与工程学院污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室上海 200092

投稿日期:2025-03-12 发布日期:2025-05-13

作者简介:

张聿棋, 同济大学环境科学与工程学院2023级硕士生, 研究方向为零价铁回收水中重金属元素.

刘金泽, 同济大学环境科学与工程学院2024级硕士生, 研究方向为机械力化学制备零价铁环境功能材料.

薛东旭, 同济大学环境科学与工程学院2024级直博生, 研究方向为电催化硝酸盐还原.

史昱翔, 同济大学环境科学与工程学院2020级直博生, 研究方向为机械力化学在水中金属回收方面的机制和应用. 已发表SCI论文7篇.

张伟贤, 教授、博士生导师, 国家特聘专家, 自2011年起担任污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室主任. 1984年毕业于同济大学, 1996年获得美国约翰•霍普金斯大学(The Johns Hopkins University)环境工程博士学位, 曾任美国里海大学(Lehigh University)教授. 主持过国家自然科学基金海外及港澳学者合作研究基金及多项国家自然科学基金项目, 长期致力于环境中重金属及持久性有机污染物的基础与应用研究, 是环境纳米技术的先驱之一, 也是纳米零价铁技术的创始研究者. 在纳米零价铁的合成、表征、污染物反应机理研究及其在地下水修复和废水处理中的应用方面, 发表了一系列经典论文.

基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3702102); 广东省发展计划(2020B0202080001)

Mechanochemistry: Pollutant Transformation Mechanism and Environmental Applications

Yuqi Zhang, Jinze Liu, Dongxu Xue, Yuxiang Shi^*(), Weixian Zhang^*()

State Key Laboratory for Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092

Received:2025-03-12 Published:2025-05-13
Contact: * E-mail: 2011200@tongji.edu.cn;zhangwx@tongji.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3702102); Development Program of Guangdong Province(2020B0202080001)

Mechanochemistry (MC) is a subfield of chemistry that focuses on chemical transformation driven by mechanical energy. By manipulating mechanical energy to induce the combination and rearrangement of chemical bonds, MC stipulates unique reaction pathways and products that are not achievable by conventional chemical reactions. The high-intensity energy input is especially advantageous for transformation and remediation of persistent environmental pollutants. One prominent example is the mechanochemical degradation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a harmful environmental contaminant. By breaking the C—F bonds without the need for additional chemical reagents, mechanochemical methods can achieve nearly complete defluorination, offering a green approach to detoxify persistent pollutants. Recent research on piezo-catalytic degradation of organic pollutants has demonstrated that the method consistently maintains degradation efficiencies greater than 97% across five cycles. This highlights its robustness and potential for widespread applications in environmental remediation. MC has also contributed to the synthesis of novel materials, including single-atom catalysts (SACs), nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The fundamentals of MC include mechanical activation, introduction of structural defects, and enhancement of reaction kinetics. Early studies have successfully applied mechanochemical processes to solid waste treatment and the recovery of toxic heavy metals, such as the selective extraction of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion battery cathodes, which led to an increase in the separation factor from 56.9 to 1,475. As the field continues to evolve, future research is needed to deepen our understanding on mechanochemistry, particularly in the areas of water treatment and hazardous solid waste management. This will help address challenges associated with high costs, toxic chemical reagents, and byproducts of hazardous wastes, which are enduring challenges in environmental science and technology.

Key words: mechanochemistry, industrial wastewater treatment, hazardous waste management, resource recovery, contaminant degradation, environmental materials

Cite this article

Yuqi Zhang, Jinze Liu, Dongxu Xue, Yuxiang Shi, Weixian Zhang. Mechanochemistry: Pollutant Transformation Mechanism and Environmental Applications[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2025, 83(9): 1055-1071.

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状态	机械能向化学能转化的时空连续性	类别	目标	典型应用案例	实验技术
当前应用	时空连续	废弃物处理和资源回收	固体废物	从锂离子电池(LIBs)的混合正极材料中选择性提取锂、镍、钴和锰^[11]	球磨
			固体废物	添加葡萄皮实现锂和钴的一步直接浸出工艺^[12]	行星球磨
			聚合物	通过自催化转酯化交换反应, 对固化的双缩水甘油醚双酚丙烷(DGEDP)环氧树脂进行再加工, 制备纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)增强的DGEDP/CNC纳米复合材料^[13]	球磨
			聚合物	从聚氨酯废料中合成用于超级电容器的氮掺杂多孔碳材料^[14]	球磨
		污染物的处理	有机污染物粉末	使用石英砂作为研磨介质, 通过球磨法降解全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFSAs)^[15]	球磨
			有机污染物粉末	使用氮化硼在球磨过程中降解全氟辛酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸铵(PFOA)^[16]	球磨
			水中的有机物	通过接触-电催化生成自由基降解甲基橙^[10]	超声
			土壤中的有机物	激活过硫酸盐修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤^[17]	球磨
			土壤中的无机物	添加纳米金属化合物Ca/CaO/NaH₂PO₄, 通过球磨法实现土壤中铯(Cs)的固定化^[18]	球磨
			飞灰中的无机物	通过机械力化学硫化来稳定富汞飞灰中的汞(Hg)^[19]	行星球磨
	时空非连续	环境材料	纳米级零价铁(nZVI)	通过硫化和氮化改性nZVI以提高对氯仿的降解效率^[20]	球磨
			单原子催化剂	通过FeSA-N-CNT催化剂的制备和过一硫酸盐(PMS)活化实现双酚A(BPA)的氧化^[21]	球磨
			单原子催化剂	使用Ni-SA/NC催化剂促进二氧化碳(CO₂)还原为一氧化碳(CO)的转化^[22]	手工研磨
			金属有机框架材料(MOFs)	使用单体MC5包覆的MOFs实现铅(Pb(II))的吸附^[23]	未提及
			金属有机框架材料(MOFs)	使用氮配位的UIO-66(Zr)实现氯苯的吸附^[24]	球磨
展望	时空连续	污染物的处理	水中的污染物	通过机械力化学促进水污染物的处理与资源回收	—

状态	机械能向化学能转化的时空连续性	类别	目标	典型应用案例	实验技术
当前应用	时空连续	废弃物处理和资源回收	固体废物	从锂离子电池(LIBs)的混合正极材料中选择性提取锂、镍、钴和锰^[11]	球磨
			固体废物	添加葡萄皮实现锂和钴的一步直接浸出工艺^[12]	行星球磨
			聚合物	通过自催化转酯化交换反应, 对固化的双缩水甘油醚双酚丙烷(DGEDP)环氧树脂进行再加工, 制备纤维素纳米晶体(CNC)增强的DGEDP/CNC纳米复合材料^[13]	球磨
			聚合物	从聚氨酯废料中合成用于超级电容器的氮掺杂多孔碳材料^[14]	球磨
		污染物的处理	有机污染物粉末	使用石英砂作为研磨介质, 通过球磨法降解全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFSAs)^[15]	球磨
			有机污染物粉末	使用氮化硼在球磨过程中降解全氟辛酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸铵(PFOA)^[16]	球磨
			水中的有机物	通过接触-电催化生成自由基降解甲基橙^[10]	超声
			土壤中的有机物	激活过硫酸盐修复多环芳烃(PAHs)污染的土壤^[17]	球磨
			土壤中的无机物	添加纳米金属化合物Ca/CaO/NaH₂PO₄, 通过球磨法实现土壤中铯(Cs)的固定化^[18]	球磨
			飞灰中的无机物	通过机械力化学硫化来稳定富汞飞灰中的汞(Hg)^[19]	行星球磨
	时空非连续	环境材料	纳米级零价铁(nZVI)	通过硫化和氮化改性nZVI以提高对氯仿的降解效率^[20]	球磨
			单原子催化剂	通过FeSA-N-CNT催化剂的制备和过一硫酸盐(PMS)活化实现双酚A(BPA)的氧化^[21]	球磨
			单原子催化剂	使用Ni-SA/NC催化剂促进二氧化碳(CO₂)还原为一氧化碳(CO)的转化^[22]	手工研磨
			金属有机框架材料(MOFs)	使用单体MC5包覆的MOFs实现铅(Pb(II))的吸附^[23]	未提及
			金属有机框架材料(MOFs)	使用氮配位的UIO-66(Zr)实现氯苯的吸附^[24]	球磨
展望	时空连续	污染物的处理	水中的污染物	通过机械力化学促进水污染物的处理与资源回收	—

技术类型	球磨	超声技术	双螺杆挤出技术
能耗效率	单位能耗较高(吨级生产超1000 kWh), 但可通过智能控制优化至能耗降低40%	瞬时能量密度高, 但处理量小(实验室级为主), 规模化时能量利用率骤降	连续化生产能耗较低(约500~800 kWh/吨), 但需额外热源辅助反应
规模化难度	工业级设备成熟, 易实现公斤级生产	受限于空化效应衰减, 放大后效率下降, 仅适用于微反应器或小批量生产	工艺参数复杂(温度、压力、螺杆转速耦合), 需精密控制系统, 工业应用尚处探索阶段
设备成本	常规设备成本低, 维护简单	高频发生器成本高, 探头寿命短(约500 h)	双螺杆主机价格昂贵, 且需配套温控、喂料系统

技术类型	球磨	超声技术	双螺杆挤出技术
能耗效率	单位能耗较高(吨级生产超1000 kWh), 但可通过智能控制优化至能耗降低40%	瞬时能量密度高, 但处理量小(实验室级为主), 规模化时能量利用率骤降	连续化生产能耗较低(约500~800 kWh/吨), 但需额外热源辅助反应
规模化难度	工业级设备成熟, 易实现公斤级生产	受限于空化效应衰减, 放大后效率下降, 仅适用于微反应器或小批量生产	工艺参数复杂(温度、压力、螺杆转速耦合), 需精密控制系统, 工业应用尚处探索阶段
设备成本	常规设备成本低, 维护简单	高频发生器成本高, 探头寿命短(约500 h)	双螺杆主机价格昂贵, 且需配套温控、喂料系统

机械力环境化学: 污染物转化机理与应用展望

Mechanochemistry: Pollutant Transformation Mechanism and Environmental Applications

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