Construction and Evaluation of Microfluidic Blood-Brain Barrier Organ-on-Chips System

doi:10.6023/A25110381

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 84 ›› Issue (4): 601-616.DOI: 10.6023/A25110381 Previous Articles

Review

微流控血脑屏障器官芯片系统的构建及评估应用

王玉珍^a, 常亚冉^a^,^b^,^*(), 郭广生^a, 汪夏燕^a^,^*()

^a 北京工业大学材料循环低碳再生全国重点实验室环境安全与生物效应卓越中心北京 100124
^b 北京大学材料科学与工程学院北京 100871

投稿日期:2025-11-24 发布日期:2026-03-16
通讯作者: 常亚冉, 汪夏燕

作者简介:

王玉珍, 就读于北京工业大学化学与生命科学学院, 2023级化学专业硕士. 主要研究方向为血脑屏障芯片构建及应用.

常亚冉, 博士, 北京大学材料科学与工程学院博士后, 2024年毕业于北京工业大学, 获得工学博士学位, 主要研究方向为微流控芯片的构建与应用.

郭广生, 博士, 北京工业大学化学与生命科学学院教授, 国务院特殊津贴获得者、北京市首批战略科技人才. 研究方向包括微流控芯片系统的构建与应用、微纳尺度分离分析和新型微纳分析仪器研制等.

汪夏燕, 博士, 北京工业大学化学与生命科学学院教授, 国家杰出青年科学基金获得者、国家“万人计划”科技创新领军人才、国务院特殊津贴获得者、北京市优秀教师. 研究方向包括微流控芯片系统的构建与应用、微纳尺度分离分析、单细胞分析和新型微纳分析仪器研制等.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22327805); 国家自然科学基金(22476223); 北京市卓越青年科学家项目(BJJWZYJH01201910005017)

Construction and Evaluation of Microfluidic Blood-Brain Barrier Organ-on-Chips System

Yuzhen Wang^a, Yaran Chang^a^,^b^,^*(), Guangsheng Guo^a, Xiayan Wang^a^,^*()

^a Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, State Key Laboratory of Materials Low-Carbon Recycling, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
^b School of Materials Science and Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2025-11-24 Published:2026-03-16
Contact: Yaran Chang, Xiayan Wang
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22327805); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22476223); Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program(BJJWZYJH01201910005017)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) serves as a crucial physiological structure that maintains homeostasis within the central nervous system. While its highly selective permeability protects the brain from exogenous substances, it also hinders the delivery of therapeutic agents. The current understanding of the physiological functions of the BBB remains relatively limited, primarily due to the absence of reliable in vitro models capable of accurately replicating its complex architecture and functionality. In recent years, microfluidic technology has emerged as a pivotal platform for developing highly biomimetic BBB models, capitalizing on its distinctive advantages in microscale fluid manipulation, establishment of multicellular co-culture systems, and reconstruction of physiologically relevant microenvironments. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in microfluidic BBB-on-a-chip systems, with particular focus on three key aspects: chip design configurations, fluid driving mechanisms, and cellular source selection. In terms of chip architecture, the discussion encompasses various structural designs, including sandwich-structured design, parallel channel design, three-dimensional tubular design, and angiogenic design. Regarding fluid propulsion methods, the analysis covers both pump-driven systems and gravity-driven approaches. The examination of cellular sources includes immortalized cell lines, primary cell isolates, and stem cell-derived endothelial populations. Furthermore, the review comprehensively outlines established methodologies for evaluating barrier integrity and function. These assessment techniques include measuring transendothelial electrical resistance, performing permeability assays with molecular tracers, and analyzing the expression of tight junction proteins and specialized transporters. The review concludes by addressing the current challenges confronting microfluidic BBB technology and proposing strategic directions for future development. These perspectives include enhancing model biomimicry through the incorporation of additional neurovascular unit components, promoting technical standardization to ensure experimental reproducibility and comparability, developing personalized diagnostic and therapeutic models through integration of patient-specific cells, and exploring innovative applications through synergistic combination with artificial intelligence technologies. This comprehensive analysis aims to provide valuable guidance for researchers working at the intersection of biomedical engineering, neuroscience, and pharmaceutical development.

Key words: microfluidics, organ-on-a-chip, blood-brain barrier, BBB organ-on-chips, in vitro models

Cite this article

Yuzhen Wang, Yaran Chang, Guangsheng Guo, Xiayan Wang. Construction and Evaluation of Microfluidic Blood-Brain Barrier Organ-on-Chips System[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(4): 601-616.

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Fig. & Tab. 10

Figure 1. Sandwich-structured BBB organ-on-chips (A) BBB organ-on-a-chip integrated with electrochemical sensing functions[24]. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry. (B) BBB organ-on-a-chip constructed via stem cell-induced differentiation technology[25]. Copyright 2019 Springer Nature. (C) Cascaded BBB-brain-BBB chip for studying substance transport across the barrier[26]. Copyright 2018 Springer Nature. (D) BBB organ-on-a-chip featuring a 3D astrocytic network[28]. Copyright 2020 Springer Nature

Figure 2. Parallel structure BBB organ-on-chips (A) Circular three-channel chip[30]. Copyright 2015 Public Library of Science. (B) Parallel four-channel chip[31]. Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry. (C) Array parallel chip[32]. Copyright 2016 Springer Nature. (D) High-throughput three-channel parallel chip[33]. Copyright 2018 Springer Nature

Figure 3. Fabrication methods for constructing gel-based 3D tubular BBB organ-on-chips (A) Sacrificial template method[36]. Copyright 2015 AIP Publishing. (B) In-situ microfluidic molding method[39]. Copyright 2016 Public Library of Science. (C) 3D bioprinting technology[42]. Copyright 2023 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute AG

Figure 4. Angiogenic BBB organ-on-chips (A) BBB chip based on human umbilical vein endothelial cells[49]. Copyright 2017 Springer Nature. (B) BBB chip based on brain microvascular endothelial cells derived from human iPSCs[50]. Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (C) BBB chip with interstitial fluid flow[51]. Copyright 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry

芯片类型	芯片结构	生理相关性	芯片材料	胶原材料	细胞接种方式	屏障完整性指标	优点	局限性	适用场景
三明治结构芯片	上下层通道 +多孔膜	中等	PDMS+ PC/PET	纤连蛋白	膜两侧接种	TEER; 渗透率; 特异性蛋白表达	工艺成熟; 便于TEER、渗透率测量	3D血管缺失; 高分辨成像受限	高通量药物筛选; 屏障功能探究
平行结构芯片	平行通道 +微柱阵列	中等	COC^a; PDMS	基质胶; 纤连蛋白	通道内接种; 水凝胶内包埋	渗透率; 特异性蛋白表达	成像兼容性好; 利于细胞交流	3D血管缺失; TEER测量困难	细胞相互作用研究; 实时动态成像检测
3D管状芯片	中空管状微血管	高	COC; PDMS	水凝胶	管腔内壁接种; 水凝胶内包埋	渗透率; 特异性蛋白表达	高仿生管腔	制备工艺复杂; TEER难测量	血流动力学研究; 肿瘤跨内皮迁移研究
血管生成芯片	3D自组装微血管网络	最高	PDMS; PMMA^b	纤维蛋白原 +凝血酶	胶原内包埋	渗透率; 特异性蛋白表达	高仿生3D 血管网络	批次效应强; 灌注操作困难; TEER难测量	血管生成机制研究; 复杂疾病模型构建

Table 1. Comparison of main structural designs for microfluidic blood-brain barrier organ-on-chips

Figure 5. Fluid driving methods for microfluidic BBB organ-on-chips (A) Fluid driving based on syringe pump[59]. Copyright 2025 John Wiley and Sons. (B) Fluid driving based on a peristaltic pump[60]. Copyright 2016 Elsevier. (C) Fluid driving based on gravity[73]. Copyright 2023 John Wiley and Sons

细胞来源	代表细胞	优势	局限性	屏障水平	适用场景	参考文献
永生化细胞系	bEnd.3 RBE4^a hCMEC/D3^b	成本低; 稳定性强; 增殖能力强	屏障功能弱; 转运体活性低	低	药物筛选; 工艺探索	[14,24,28 30-33,56-57 74-79]
原代细胞	hBMEC	保留天然表型	成本高; 获取难; 传代有限	高	生理参数测定; 高生理相关性模型	[26-27,39,42 80]
干细胞分化	iBMECs^c (健康个体/患者来源)	病理模拟; 个体化潜力	耗时长; 分化复杂; 批次差异	高	疾病建模; 个性化医疗	[25,50,81-83]

Table 2. Comparison of cerebral microvascular endothelial cells of different sources in vitro BBB models

Figure 6. Measurement methods of TEER in the BBB organ-on-chips (A) TEER measurement using Ag/AgCl thin-film electrodes based on Ohm’s law method[24]. Copyright 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry. (B) TEER measurement using Ag/AgCl particle electrodes based on Ohm’s law method[85]. Copyright 2016 John Wiley and Sons. (C) TEER measurement using a commercial resistance meter directly on a scenario-adaptive chip based on Ohm’s law method[86]. Copyright 2025 American Chemical Society. (D) TEER measurement using Pt thin-film microelectrodes based on the impedance spectroscopy method[87]. Copyright 2024 Royal Society of Chemistry

Figure 7. Permeability detection of the BBB organ-on-chips (A) Permeability of 20 kDa FITC-dextran in the BBB model[89]. Copyright 2024 Elsevier. (B) Comparison of the permeability of 70 kDa rhodamine-dextran and 4 kDa FITC-dextran in the chip under the conditions of without/with endothelial cells[90]. Copyright 2023 Elsevier

Figure 8. Characterization of specific proteins (A) Specific proteins in the 2D cell culture BBB model[82]. Copyright 2019 Cell Press. (B) Specific proteins in the 3D cell culture BBB model[92]. Copyright 2019 John Wiley and Sons

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微流控血脑屏障器官芯片系统的构建及评估应用

Construction and Evaluation of Microfluidic Blood-Brain Barrier Organ-on-Chips System

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