Fabrication Strategies of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Membranes for Molecular Separation

doi:10.6023/A21110505

Abstract

Saving the energy consumption of the industrial separation process provides an effective way to alleviate the global energy shortage issue. Compared with traditional separation technology, membrane separation possesses low energy consumption and high economic benefits. The exploration of high-efficiency membrane materials is the key strategy to elevate membrane separation performance. Conjugated microporous polymer (CMP) membranes exhibit merits such as rigid and permanent micropores, high porosity, adjustable pore structure and pore environment, and good structural stability, which play vibrant role in molecular separation. In this review, we summarized the fabrication methods of CMP membranes with their advantages and challenges; introduced the research progress and mechanism in molecular separation field, including gas separation, organic solvent nanofiltration, ion sieving and chiral separation, over the recent years, which may provide ideas for designing new CMP membranes with high performance for crucial separation processes.

Key words: porous materials, conjugated microporous polymer membranes, membrane fabrication, separation mechanism, molecular sieving

Cite this article

Mengxi Zhang, Xiao Feng. Fabrication Strategies of Conjugated Microporous Polymer Membranes for Molecular Separation[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2022, 80(2): 168-179.

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Fig. & Tab. 17

Figure 1. Reaction schemes for the synthesis of CMPs[13a]

Figure 2. (a) Two-step synthesis of a soluble conjugated microporous polymer, SCMP1 and a solution of SCMP1 in THF; (b) photographs and corresponding SEM images of SCMP1 powder and SCMP1 film prepared by solvent evaporation method[31]

Figure 3. (a) Illustration of monomer structure and layer-by-layer synthesis route; (b) illustration of CMP film transfer process and top-view SEM image[32]

Figure 4. (a) The illustration of synthesis route of CMP membranes. The (b) photograph, (c) SEM images, (d) AFM image and (e) corresponding height profile of a p-CMP membrane[33a]

Figure 5. Syntheses of CMP-1~CMP-4 and Imine-CMP-nanofilms[34a]

Polymer network	Nanofilm
Polymer network	S_BET^a/(m²•g^–1)	Pore diameter^b/nm
CMP-1	750	0.52
CMP-2	759	0.58
CMP-3	1038	1.80
CMP-4	680	1.40
Imine-CMP	22	1.30

Table 1. The surface area and pore size of obtained CMP films[34a]

Figure 6. (a) Illustration of interfacial polymerization of CMP@PSU film. (b) The chemical structures of monomers[34b]

Figure 7. (a) The structures of BTT and TTB, the blue arrow indicates the position of the C—C bond formed in the reaction; (b) the schematic diagram of the three-electrode electrochemical reaction system, with the CMP film deposited on the ITO surface; (c) structure and film photos of BTT-CMP and TTB-CMP films[35b]

Figure 8. The (a) wrinkles and (b) magnified surface and cross-section SEM, (c) AFM image and (d) corresponding height profile of TTB-CMP. (e) AFM images of the formed wrinkles when TTB-CMP membrane is transferred onto PDMS substrate and subjected to an applied compressive stress. (f) Young’s modulus tested for TTB-CMP by PFQNM method[39a]

Figure 9. Monomer structures of CMPs prepared by electropolymerization[42]

成膜方法	优点	不足
旋涂法	成膜方法简单易操作	仅限于可溶性骨架
层层组装法	成膜厚度可控	单体种类少合成过程复杂膜均匀程度不高
表面引发法	成膜厚度可控易进一步官能化	需要特定表面修饰单体种类少
界面聚合	成膜厚度可控反应条件温和膜可自支撑	反应类型较少膜转移时易被破坏
电聚合	成膜厚度可控反应条件温和无需催化剂	难完整从基底剥离多数膜刚性强、易碎
离子化“溶解”法	成膜厚度可控易于官能化	单体种类较少

Table 2. Advantages and shortcomings of CMP film fabrication methods

Figure 10. N2 and H2 adsorption isotherms of (a) SCMP1 powder and (b) SCMP1 film at 77 K; (c) N2, CH4, Xe and CO2 adsorption isotherms of SCMP1 film at 273 K[31]

Figure 11. (a) Photographs of freestanding copolymeric membranes; (b) single gas permeabilities of the obtained membranes at 298 K and 0.1 MPa as a function of the gas kinetic diameter. Comparisons of the (c) H2/CO2, (d) H2/N2, and (e) H2/CH4 gas separation performance of the co-polymeric membranes to those of the state-of-the-art polymeric membranes, black lines represent the Robeson upper bound (2008) of polymeric membranes[37a]

Figure 12. (a) Illustration of the preparation process of BILP-101x membrane; (b) cross-sectional SEM image of BILP-101x membrane formed on alumina substrate (ca. 400 nm); (c) H2/CO2 separation performance compared with reported polymer membranes; (d) long-term stability of H2/CO2 separation under dry and wet mixed gas atmosphere at 423 K[37d]

Figure 13. (a) Illustration of the electropolymerization process; (b) the cross-sectional SEM image of the membrane; (c) the organic solvents permeability of CMP membranes at 0.1 MPa; (d) rejection of dyes with different molecular weights at 0.1 MPa; (e) long-term filtration test of the CR/methanol solution on the CNT-EP-PC15 membrane; (f) performance comparison of the CNT-EP-PC15 membrane with some reported nanofiltration membranes[39d]

Figure 14. (a) Schematic diagram of i-CMP membrane prepared by co-electropolymerization; (b) 3D structure and ion channels of i-CMP membrane to achieve fast and selective ion transmission; (c) the ion permeation rate of i-CMP membrane as a function of the hydrated diameter[38b]

Figure 15. Synthesis of CCMP and CCMP/SiO2 membranes by surface- initiated polymerization[45]

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