Structure, Preparation and Properties of Phosphorene
Received date: 2016-01-16
Online published: 2016-05-13
Supported by
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Nos. 51302081 and 61575010), the Beijing Nova Program (No. Z141109001814053), the Science and Technology Commission of Beijing Municipality (No. Z151100003315018), the Open subject of Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KLSMS-1404) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 222015Y-4006).
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted broad interest because of their low-dimensional effect, and black phosphorus has become a member of them due to the successful preparation. Phosphorus has several allotropes, white phosphorus, red phosphorus and black phosphorus. Black phosphorus is most thermodynamic stable in them. Black phosphorus was obtained by a phase transition from white or red phosphorus at high pressure and high temperature. It is a natural p-type semiconductor in which each layer is vertically stacked by the van der Waals force. The thickness of black phosphorus can be scaled down to the atomic layer scale known as phosphorene by mechanical exfoliation or liquid exfoliation. In nowadays, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has also been used in synthesis of phosphorene film. Compared with black phosphorus, phosphorene’s physical properties have significant changes. The band gap in bulk black phosphorus is 0.3 eV and can be expanded to 1.0 to 1.5 eV depending on the layer numbers. The range of phosphorene band gap corresponds to an absorption spectrum between visible light to infrared. Moreover, the band gap of phosphorene is also highly sensitive to the strain either in-plane or out-of-plane. The phosphorene based field effect transistor (FET) exhibits a high mobility and appreciably high on/off ratios, and the mobility is thickness dependent. Unlike other two-dimensional (2D) materials, phosphorene has in-plane anisotropy which is suitable for the detecting of polarized light. Hence, the unique properties in black phosphorus, along with its high carrier mobility, make it as a promising material in electronic applications. Nevertheless, the poor chemical and structural stability of black phosphorus and phosphorene raises important concerns. In the past century, the synthesis, physical properties, and device applications have been extensively investigated in various studies. In this review article, a lot of references of black phosphorus are cited to introduce systematically the research progresses of structure and preparation, the study of material properties and device performance, the chemistry of the degradation process and the anti-degradation treatments. At last, the development trend of phosphorene is mentioned.
Yuan Zhenzhou , Liu Danmin , Tian Nan , Zhang Guoqing , Zhang Yongzhe . Structure, Preparation and Properties of Phosphorene[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2016 , 74(6) : 488 -497 . DOI: 10.6023/A16010035
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