Recent Advancements of Hexaazatriphenylene-Based Materials for Energy Applications

doi:10.6023/cjoc202105031

Abstract

Hexaazatriphenylene (HAT) is an electron deficient, rigid, planar, aromatic discotic molecule with three fused pyrazine rings and excellent π-π stacking ability. Due to its excellent topology and electronic properties, HAT has been exploited as structural motifs of supramolecules, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), porous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), and metal organic frameworks (MOFs). HAT derivatives have been utilized in catalysis, semiconductors, monomolecular magnets, water oxidation, proton conduction, etc. In recent years, motivated by the increasing energy demand, scientists have intensively studied the energy applications of HAT derivatives. In this paper, the recent progress of HAT derivatives in the field of energy has been reviewed.

Key words: tripyrazine (HAT) derivatives, energy application, covalent organic framework

Cite this article

Chaohui Cui, Yuting Liu, Ya Du. Recent Advancements of Hexaazatriphenylene-Based Materials for Energy Applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2021, 41(11): 4167-4179.

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材料名称 (电压窗口)	电极组成及电解液		原始和稳定时容量及氧化还原利用率	循环稳定性		速率能力		文献
3Q (1.2~3.9 V)	3Q∶graphene∶PVDF (3∶6∶1) 1.0 mol/L LiTFSI-DOL/DME		0.4 mA/g: 395 mAh/g; 94% (1th) 324 mAh/g; 77% (200th)	8 A/g: 82% (2000) 80% (6000) 67% (10000)		0.4 A/g: 394 mAh/g 0.8 A/g: 334 mAh/g 1.6 A/g: 290 mAh/g 2.4 A/g: 268 mAh/g 3.2 A/g: 255 mAh/g 4 A/g: 242 mAh/g 8 A/g: 218 mAh/g		[23]
HATN/GO (1.5~4.0 V)	HATN/GO∶GO∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC/DEC		0.05 A/g: 410 mAh/g; 98% (1th) 226 mAh/g; 54% (90th)	0.5 A/g 80% (2000)		0.1 A/g: 270 mAh/g 0.2 A/g: 227 mAh/g 0.3 A/g: 211 mAh/g 0.4 A/g: 186 mAh/g 0.5 A/g: 167 mAh/g 1 A/g: 92 mAh/g		[24]
HATNTA/GO (1.5~4.0 V)	HATNTA/GO∶GO∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC/DEC		0.05 A/g: 226 mAh/g; 73% (1th) 193 mAh/g; 62% (50th)	0.5 A/g 86% (2000)		0.1 A/g: 215 mAh/g 0.2 A/g: 193 mAh/g 0.3 A/g: 183 mAh/g 0.4 A/g: 170 mAh/g 0.5 A/g: 133 mAh/g 1 A/g: 114 mAh/g		[24]
HATN-CMP (1.5~4.0 V)	HATN-CMP∶acetylene black∶PVDF (6∶3∶2) 1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC/DMC		0.1 A/g: 147 mAh/g; 71% (1th) 91 mAh/g; 43% (50th)	0.1 A/g: 62% (50)		0.1 A/g: 147 mAh/g 0.5 A/g: 65 mAh/g		[25]
HATNPF1 (1.5~4.0 V)	HATNPF1∶GO∶PVDF (4∶5∶1) LiCF₃SO₃/G4		0.05 A/g: 309 mAh/g; 74% (1th) 290 mAh/g; 69% (130th)	0.5 A/g 92% (1200)		0.1 A/g: 267 mAh/g 2 A/g: 174 mAh/g		[26]
HATNPF2 (1.5~4.0 V)	HATNPF2∶GO∶PVDF (4∶5∶1) LiCF₃SO₃/G4		0.05 A/g: 205 mAh/g; 51% (1th) 115 mAh/g; 29% (130th)	0.5 A/g 66% (1200)		0.1 A/g: 200 mAh/g 2 A/g: 112 mAh/g		[26]
NSHATN (1.5~4.0 V)	NSHATN∶GO∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) LiCF₃SO₃/G4		0.05 A/g: 320 mAh/g; 86% (1th) 234 mAh/g; 63% (100th)	0.5 A/g 83% (1500)		0.1 A/g: 270 mAh/g 8 A/g: 100 mAh/g		[29]
2D CCP-HATN @CNT (1.2~3.9 V)	2D CCP-HATN @CNT∶Super P∶Alg (8∶1∶1) 1 mol/L LiTFSI-DOL/DME		0.1 A/g: 116 mAh/g; 73% (1th) 114 mAh/g; 73% (50th)	0.5 A/g 91.2% (1000)		0.1 A/g: 116 mAh/g 1 A/g: 94 mAh/g		[31]
BQ1-COF (1.2~3.5 V)	BQ1-COF∶Super P∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1 mol/L LiTFSI-DOL/DME		0.039 A/g 502 mAh/g; 65% (2th)	1.54 A/g 81% (1000)		0.039 A/g: 502 mAh/g 7.73 A/g: 171mAh/g		[32]
PHATN(Na) (1.0~3.5 V)	PHATN∶Ketjenblack∶PVDF (6∶3∶1) 4 or 1 mol/L NaPF₆-DME		0.05 A/g: 220 mAh/g (2th) 205 mAh/g (100th)	2A/g 89.2% (10000) 10 A/g 83.8% (50000)		0.05 A/g: 220 mAh/g 2 A/g: 164 mAh/g 4.8 A/g: 138 mAh/g 10 A/g: 105 mAh/g		[37]
PHATN(Mg) (0.5~2.3 V)	PHATN: Ketjenblack: PTFE (6∶3∶1)		0.02 A/g: 146 mAh/g (1th) 110 mAh/g (200th)	0.02 A/g 89% (200)		0.02 A/g: 125 mAh/g 0.2 A/g: 60 mAh/g		[37]
材料名称 (电压窗口)		电极组成及电解液	原始和稳定时容量及氧化还原利用率	循环稳定性	速率能力		文献
PHATN(Al) (0.2~1.2 V)		PHATN∶Ketjenblack∶PTFE (6∶3∶1) AlCl₃-[BMIm]Cl离子液体	0.05 A/g: 145 mAh/g (1th) 92 mAh/g (100th)	0.05 A/g 87% (100)			[37]
Zn-HATN (0.2~1.2 V)		Zn-HATN∶Super P∶PVDF (6∶3.5∶0.5) 2 mol/L ZnSO₄	0.1 A/g: 405 mAh/g; 96% (1th) 320 mAh/g; 76% (150th)	5 A/g 93.3% (5000)	0.1 A/g: 370 mAh/g 20 A/g: 123 mAh/g		[41]
TQBQ-COF (Na) (1.0~3.6 V)		TQBQ-COF∶Super P∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1.0 mol/L NaPF₆-DEGDME	0.02 A/g: 452 mAh/g; 88% (1th) 352 mAh/g; 68% (100th)	1 A/g 96% (1000)	0.3 A/g: 278 mAh/g 1.0 A/g: 234 mAh/g 5.0 A/g: 181 mAh/g 10 A/g: 134 mAh/g		[38]
HAT550@ZTC (Na离子电容器) (0.5~2.5 V)		HAT550@ZTC∶Super P∶羧甲基纤维素钠/聚丙烯酸(8∶1∶1) 1.0 mol/L NaClO₄-EC/PC/FEC	0.1 A/g: 448 mAh/g; (1th) 343 mAh/g; (40th)	0.5 A/g 90% (1300)	0.1 A/g: 343 mAh/g 20 A/g: 124 mAh/g		[48]

材料名称 (电压窗口)	电极组成及电解液		原始和稳定时容量及氧化还原利用率	循环稳定性		速率能力		文献
3Q (1.2~3.9 V)	3Q∶graphene∶PVDF (3∶6∶1) 1.0 mol/L LiTFSI-DOL/DME		0.4 mA/g: 395 mAh/g; 94% (1th) 324 mAh/g; 77% (200th)	8 A/g: 82% (2000) 80% (6000) 67% (10000)		0.4 A/g: 394 mAh/g 0.8 A/g: 334 mAh/g 1.6 A/g: 290 mAh/g 2.4 A/g: 268 mAh/g 3.2 A/g: 255 mAh/g 4 A/g: 242 mAh/g 8 A/g: 218 mAh/g		[23]
HATN/GO (1.5~4.0 V)	HATN/GO∶GO∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC/DEC		0.05 A/g: 410 mAh/g; 98% (1th) 226 mAh/g; 54% (90th)	0.5 A/g 80% (2000)		0.1 A/g: 270 mAh/g 0.2 A/g: 227 mAh/g 0.3 A/g: 211 mAh/g 0.4 A/g: 186 mAh/g 0.5 A/g: 167 mAh/g 1 A/g: 92 mAh/g		[24]
HATNTA/GO (1.5~4.0 V)	HATNTA/GO∶GO∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC/DEC		0.05 A/g: 226 mAh/g; 73% (1th) 193 mAh/g; 62% (50th)	0.5 A/g 86% (2000)		0.1 A/g: 215 mAh/g 0.2 A/g: 193 mAh/g 0.3 A/g: 183 mAh/g 0.4 A/g: 170 mAh/g 0.5 A/g: 133 mAh/g 1 A/g: 114 mAh/g		[24]
HATN-CMP (1.5~4.0 V)	HATN-CMP∶acetylene black∶PVDF (6∶3∶2) 1 mol/L LiPF₆-EC/DMC		0.1 A/g: 147 mAh/g; 71% (1th) 91 mAh/g; 43% (50th)	0.1 A/g: 62% (50)		0.1 A/g: 147 mAh/g 0.5 A/g: 65 mAh/g		[25]
HATNPF1 (1.5~4.0 V)	HATNPF1∶GO∶PVDF (4∶5∶1) LiCF₃SO₃/G4		0.05 A/g: 309 mAh/g; 74% (1th) 290 mAh/g; 69% (130th)	0.5 A/g 92% (1200)		0.1 A/g: 267 mAh/g 2 A/g: 174 mAh/g		[26]
HATNPF2 (1.5~4.0 V)	HATNPF2∶GO∶PVDF (4∶5∶1) LiCF₃SO₃/G4		0.05 A/g: 205 mAh/g; 51% (1th) 115 mAh/g; 29% (130th)	0.5 A/g 66% (1200)		0.1 A/g: 200 mAh/g 2 A/g: 112 mAh/g		[26]
NSHATN (1.5~4.0 V)	NSHATN∶GO∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) LiCF₃SO₃/G4		0.05 A/g: 320 mAh/g; 86% (1th) 234 mAh/g; 63% (100th)	0.5 A/g 83% (1500)		0.1 A/g: 270 mAh/g 8 A/g: 100 mAh/g		[29]
2D CCP-HATN @CNT (1.2~3.9 V)	2D CCP-HATN @CNT∶Super P∶Alg (8∶1∶1) 1 mol/L LiTFSI-DOL/DME		0.1 A/g: 116 mAh/g; 73% (1th) 114 mAh/g; 73% (50th)	0.5 A/g 91.2% (1000)		0.1 A/g: 116 mAh/g 1 A/g: 94 mAh/g		[31]
BQ1-COF (1.2~3.5 V)	BQ1-COF∶Super P∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1 mol/L LiTFSI-DOL/DME		0.039 A/g 502 mAh/g; 65% (2th)	1.54 A/g 81% (1000)		0.039 A/g: 502 mAh/g 7.73 A/g: 171mAh/g		[32]
PHATN(Na) (1.0~3.5 V)	PHATN∶Ketjenblack∶PVDF (6∶3∶1) 4 or 1 mol/L NaPF₆-DME		0.05 A/g: 220 mAh/g (2th) 205 mAh/g (100th)	2A/g 89.2% (10000) 10 A/g 83.8% (50000)		0.05 A/g: 220 mAh/g 2 A/g: 164 mAh/g 4.8 A/g: 138 mAh/g 10 A/g: 105 mAh/g		[37]
PHATN(Mg) (0.5~2.3 V)	PHATN: Ketjenblack: PTFE (6∶3∶1)		0.02 A/g: 146 mAh/g (1th) 110 mAh/g (200th)	0.02 A/g 89% (200)		0.02 A/g: 125 mAh/g 0.2 A/g: 60 mAh/g		[37]
材料名称 (电压窗口)		电极组成及电解液	原始和稳定时容量及氧化还原利用率	循环稳定性	速率能力		文献
PHATN(Al) (0.2~1.2 V)		PHATN∶Ketjenblack∶PTFE (6∶3∶1) AlCl₃-[BMIm]Cl离子液体	0.05 A/g: 145 mAh/g (1th) 92 mAh/g (100th)	0.05 A/g 87% (100)			[37]
Zn-HATN (0.2~1.2 V)		Zn-HATN∶Super P∶PVDF (6∶3.5∶0.5) 2 mol/L ZnSO₄	0.1 A/g: 405 mAh/g; 96% (1th) 320 mAh/g; 76% (150th)	5 A/g 93.3% (5000)	0.1 A/g: 370 mAh/g 20 A/g: 123 mAh/g		[41]
TQBQ-COF (Na) (1.0~3.6 V)		TQBQ-COF∶Super P∶PVDF (5∶4∶1) 1.0 mol/L NaPF₆-DEGDME	0.02 A/g: 452 mAh/g; 88% (1th) 352 mAh/g; 68% (100th)	1 A/g 96% (1000)	0.3 A/g: 278 mAh/g 1.0 A/g: 234 mAh/g 5.0 A/g: 181 mAh/g 10 A/g: 134 mAh/g		[38]
HAT550@ZTC (Na离子电容器) (0.5~2.5 V)		HAT550@ZTC∶Super P∶羧甲基纤维素钠/聚丙烯酸(8∶1∶1) 1.0 mol/L NaClO₄-EC/PC/FEC	0.1 A/g: 448 mAh/g; (1th) 343 mAh/g; (40th)	0.5 A/g 90% (1300)	0.1 A/g: 343 mAh/g 20 A/g: 124 mAh/g		[48]

三亚吡嗪材料能源应用研究进展