Photoinduced Catalysis for Biomass-Related Conversions

doi:10.6023/cjoc202408018

Abstract

As one of the most abundant renewable resources on the earth, non-food biomass has the potential to replace fossil resources for production of high-value chemicals and green energy. Photoinduced catalysis has attracted wide attention as active species are generated under mild conditions to trigger the transformations. In this paper, the major photoinduced catalytic systems for biomass-related transformations in both homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis are systematically reviewed. Radicals are generated under light irradiation to induce cleavage of C—C and C—O bonds related with cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, the main components of biomass, to drive the further transformations. This review could provide insights for design of highly efficient and selective photoinduced catalytic biomass conversion systems. Summary and the prospects are given for the further development.

Key words: biomass, photocatalysis, radicals, C—C bond cleavage, C—O bond cleavage

Cite this article

Fangfang Tan, Mengxin Shi, Wenmin Zhang, Yang Li. Photoinduced Catalysis for Biomass-Related Conversions[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2025, 45(5): 1523-1547.

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Fig. & Tab. 35

Scheme 2. Major homogeneous catalytic systems induced key radicals for biomass-related transformations

Scheme 3. Major heterogeneous systems induced key radicals for biomass-related transformations

Scheme 4. LMCT photochemistry on Fe(III) (A) Early reports; (B) LMCT process of Fe(III) complexes; (C) applications in cellulose-related conversions.

Scheme 5. LMCT photochemistry on V(V) (A) Seminal reports on the generation of alkoxy radicals; (B) Application on the degradation of lignin models.

Scheme 6. Application of LMCT photocatalysis based on Ce(IV) in lignin degradation

Scheme 7. Application of Ir-1/base PCET system in degradation of lignin and models

Scheme 8. Application of acridinium induced PCET in degradation of lignin models

Scheme 9. Application of acridinium induced PCET in degradation of lignin models

Scheme 10. Application of 2-Br-AQN induced PCET in the cleavage of lignin models

Scheme 11. 4CzIPN or Ir-2 in synergistic catalysis with HAT catalyst for degradation of lignin models

Scheme 12. Ir-2 in synergistic catalysis with the HAT catalyst for degradation of lignin and models

Scheme 13. PDI or TPT in synergistic catalysis with HAT catalyst for degradation of lignin models

Scheme 14. DCA-catalyzed degradation of lignin model

Scheme 15. PTH-catalyzed degradation of lignin model

Scheme 16. Acidolysis of diaryl ethers co-catalyzed by acridine salt and Cu(II)

Scheme 17. Acridine salt and V2O5 co-catalyzed the hydrolysis of various lignin models

Scheme 18. Hydrolysis of diaryl ethers and lignin models catalyzed by UO2(NO3)2

Scheme 19. Acridine salt catalyzed the decarboxylation of saturated fatty acids

Scheme 20. CuOx-TiO2-catalyzed conversion of polyols

Scheme 21. Ta-CeO2-catalyzed conversion of polyols and carbohydrates

Scheme 22. CuOx/CeO2/TiO2-catalyzed cleavage of Cβ—O bonds in lignin models

Scheme 23. Pt/TiO₂-catalyzed decarboxylation of fatty acids

Scheme 24. [SO4]/CdS-catalyzed synthesis gas production from glycerol reforming

Scheme 25. CdS@g-C3N4-catalyzed synthesis gas production from glycerol reforming

Scheme 26. CdO-QDs/CdS-catalyzed synthesis gas production from glycerol reforming

Scheme 27. CdS-Cl-catalyzed synthesis gas production from glycerol reforming

Scheme 28. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from biomass-based HCO2H

Scheme 29. CdS QDs-catalyzed Cβ—O bond cleavage of lignin model

Scheme 30. Ligand-modified CdS QDs catalyzed Cβ—O bond cleavage of lignin model

Scheme 31. Ni/CdS-catalyzed Cβ—O bond cleavage of lignin model

Scheme 32. Ag＋-exchanged CdS quantum dot-catalyzed Cβ—O bond cleavage of lignin model

Scheme 33. ZnIn2S4-catalyzed Cβ—O bond cleavage of lignin model

Scheme 34. Zn6In2S9-catalyzed Cβ—O bond cleavage of lignin model

Scheme 35. g-C3N4 or PI-BT catalyzed Cβ—O bond cleavage of lignin model

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