Advances in the Synthesis of Energetic Derivatives Based on 3-Amino-4-cyanofurazan

doi:10.6023/cjoc202411017

Abstract

Furazan (1,2,5-oxadiazole) is a basic structural unit of energetic compounds, and furazan based energetic derivatives have become one of the research hotspots in the field of energetic materials. 3-Amino-4-cyanofurazan, as a typical intermediate of furazan, plays an important role in the syntheses of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds. The cyano and amino groups in 3-amino-4-cyanofurazan molecules have unique reactivity and can be used to design and synthesize various high- performance energetic derivatives. This article systematically reviews the strategies for constructing various energetic compounds through reactions starting from 3-amino-4-cyanofurazan. These compounds are classified based on the number of rings and connection modes, and the physicochemical and detonation properties of representative energetic compounds are introduced. The development prospects of these compounds are also discussed.

Key words: 3-amino-4-cyanofurazan, energetic compounds, synthesis, detonation performance, research progress

Cite this article

Liang Sang, Dongxue Li, Ming Lu, Yuangang Xu. Advances in the Synthesis of Energetic Derivatives Based on 3-Amino-4-cyanofurazan[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2025, 45(7): 2283-2312.

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Compd.	ρ^a/(g•cm^－3)	ΔH_f^b/(kJ•mol^－1)	D^c/(m•s^－1)	P^d/GPa	T_d^e/℃	IS^f/J	FS^g/N	OB^h/%
5	1.88	135.8	8900	35.7	58	8	240	＋3.7
6 (M^＋=NH₃OH^＋)	1.932 (1.930)	62.1	9646ⁱ	43.0ⁱ	175	8	64	－5.3
RDX	1.806	86.3	8795	34.9	204	7.4	120	－21.6
HMX	1.904	116.1	9144	39.2	280	7.4	120	－21.6

Compd.	ρ^a/(g•cm^－3)	ΔH_f^b/(kJ•mol^－1)	D^c/(m•s^－1)	P^d/GPa	T_d^e/℃	IS^f/J	FS^g/N	OB^h/%
5	1.88	135.8	8900	35.7	58	8	240	＋3.7
6 (M^＋=NH₃OH^＋)	1.932 (1.930)	62.1	9646ⁱ	43.0ⁱ	175	8	64	－5.3
RDX	1.806	86.3	8795	34.9	204	7.4	120	－21.6
HMX	1.904	116.1	9144	39.2	280	7.4	120	－21.6

Compd.	ρ^a/(g•cm^－3)	ΔH_f^b/(kJ•mol^－1)	D^c/(m•s^－1)	P^d/GPa	T_d^e/℃	IS^f/J	FS^g/N
13-2N₂H₅^＋	1.83	616.1	9045	34.9	208.8	>40	>360
13-2NH₃OH^＋	1.850	327.3	9135	36.6	196.9	36	360
14	1.863	499.9	9152	37.1	191.2	23	300
15	1.908	451.4	9087	38.1	168.0	8	220
16	1.932	649.0	9355	40.1	91.8	3	120
RDX	1.806	86.3	8795	34.9	204	7.4	120
HMX	1.904	116.1	9144	39.2	280	7.4	120

Compd.	ρ^a/(g•cm^－3)	ΔH_f^b/(kJ•mol^－1)	D^c/(m•s^－1)	P^d/GPa	T_d^e/℃	IS^f/J	FS^g/N
13-2N₂H₅^＋	1.83	616.1	9045	34.9	208.8	>40	>360
13-2NH₃OH^＋	1.850	327.3	9135	36.6	196.9	36	360
14	1.863	499.9	9152	37.1	191.2	23	300
15	1.908	451.4	9087	38.1	168.0	8	220
16	1.932	649.0	9355	40.1	91.8	3	120
RDX	1.806	86.3	8795	34.9	204	7.4	120
HMX	1.904	116.1	9144	39.2	280	7.4	120

Compd.	ρ^a/(g•cm^－3)	ΔH_f^b/(kJ•mol^－1)	D^c/(m•s^－1)	P^d/GPa	T_d^e/℃	IS^f/J	FS^g/N
20	1.67 (calculated)	415.4	8258	27.8	224	—	—
21	1.790	441.1	8601	30.0	197	37	>360
21-NH₃OH^＋	1.803	454.8	9100	33.4	213	>50	>360
22-2NH₃OH^＋	1.84	398.9	9323	38.3	204	14	160
22-2N₂H₅^＋	1.72	631.1	9094	32.1	254	18	240
RDX	1.806	86.3	8795	34.9	204	7.4	120
HMX	1.904	116.1	9144	39.2	280	7.4	120

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