Research Progress of Naphthalimide Derivatives Optical Probes for Monitoring Physical and Chemical Properties of Microenvironment and Active Sulfur Substances

doi:10.6023/cjoc202205009

Abstract

Naphthalimide derivatives have been designed as optical probes and applied in various biological scenarios due to their excellent photophysical properties. As an important microenvironment and active sulfur substance in biology plays an important role in biological system, it is necessary to detect it efficiently. The detection of naphthalimide derivatives for microenvironment and active sulfur substances is reviewed. The detection of microenvironment is described from four aspects of pH value, viscosity, polarity and temperature, and the design scheme of the probe and the comparison of all kinds of fluorescence properties are discussed. From the point of view of detection strategy, the mechanism is divided into nucleophilic substitution strategy, nucleophilic addition strategy, substituent reduction strategy, heavy metal replacement strategy and other strategies, and the fluorescence properties of these probes are summarized and compared. Finally, some shortcomings in the design and practical application of this kind of probe are described, and the future prospect of this field is prospected.

Key words: naphthalimide derivatives, microenvironment, active sulfur substances, optical probes, photophysics

Cite this article

Pengpeng Xia, Jiangtai Chen, Gaofan Shi, Mengmeng Zhang, Wanchen Yao, Xiangde Lin, Dongdong Zeng. Research Progress of Naphthalimide Derivatives Optical Probes for Monitoring Physical and Chemical Properties of Microenvironment and Active Sulfur Substances[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2022, 42(11): 3620-3639.

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Probe	λ_ex/nm	λ_em/nm	pK_a	pH response	Mechanism	Target	Ref.
NA01(1) NA01(2) NA01(3)	405	517	5.98 5.90 6.83	4.5~7.5	PeT	Lysosomes	[20]
NA02	409	525	6.18±0.049	5.0~7.5	PeT	Mitochondria	[21]
NA03	430	535	—	5.0~7.0	—	Endoplasmic reticulum	[22]
NA04	405	467, 525	6.01	4.0~10.0	PeT, FRET	Intracell	[23]
NA05	462	550, 580	5.23	—	PeT, FRET	Lysosomes	[24]

Probe	λ_ex/nm	λ_em/nm	pK_a	pH response	Mechanism	Target	Ref.
NA01(1) NA01(2) NA01(3)	405	517	5.98 5.90 6.83	4.5~7.5	PeT	Lysosomes	[20]
NA02	409	525	6.18±0.049	5.0~7.5	PeT	Mitochondria	[21]
NA03	430	535	—	5.0~7.0	—	Endoplasmic reticulum	[22]
NA04	405	467, 525	6.01	4.0~10.0	PeT, FRET	Intracell	[23]
NA05	462	550, 580	5.23	—	PeT, FRET	Lysosomes	[24]

Probe	λ_ex/nm	λ_em/nm	Target	Mechanism	Ref.
NA13	460	535	Lysosomes	TICT	[36]
NA14	440	560	Cell membranes	ICT	[37]
NA15	405	470	Intracell	TICT	[38]
NA16(1) NA16(2) NA16(3)	510 547 533	580 614 630	Mitochondrial	TICT	[39]
NA17	—	452, 473	—	AIE, TICT	[40]
NA18	360	526	—	TICT, FRET	[41]
NA19	580	635	Mitochondrial	TICT	[42]

Probe	λ_ex/nm	λ_em/nm	Target	Mechanism	Ref.
NA13	460	535	Lysosomes	TICT	[36]
NA14	440	560	Cell membranes	ICT	[37]
NA15	405	470	Intracell	TICT	[38]
NA16(1) NA16(2) NA16(3)	510 547 533	580 614 630	Mitochondrial	TICT	[39]
NA17	—	452, 473	—	AIE, TICT	[40]
NA18	360	526	—	TICT, FRET	[41]
NA19	580	635	Mitochondrial	TICT	[42]

Detection target	λ_ex/nm	λ_em/nm	Response time	Detection limit	Mechanism	Ref.
H₂S	450	557	—	17.4 nmol/L	ICT	[54]
H₂S	426	550	—	0.78 μmol/L	—	[55]
H₂S	405	450 550	45 min	40 nmol/L	ICT	[12]
H₂S	440	532	150 s	0.02 μmol/L	ICT	[14]
H₂S	388	452	10 s	1.5 μmol/L	PeT, ICT	[13]
H₂S	450	550	60 min	0.523 nmol/L	FRET	[56]
H₂S_n	450	548	6 min	0.15 μmol/L	ICT	[57]
H₂S_n	405	478 546	10 min	0.01 μmol/L	ICT	[58]
H₂S	—	550	—	—	PeT	[59]
H₂S	365	450	200 min	—	—	[11]
H₂S	310	550	5 min	0.23 μmol/L	PeT, ICT	[60]

监测微环境理化性质和活性硫物质的萘酰亚胺衍生物光学探针研究进展