气凝胶维度结构设计与功能化应用的研究进展

doi:10.6023/A20110531

化学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 79 ›› Issue (4): 430-442.DOI: 10.6023/A20110531 上一篇下一篇

综述

气凝胶维度结构设计与功能化应用的研究进展

王静^a^,^b, 王锦^a^,^b^,^*()

a 中国科学技术大学纳米技术与纳米仿生学院合肥 230026
b 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所苏州 215123

投稿日期:2020-11-19 发布日期:2020-12-23
通讯作者: 王锦

作者简介:

王静, 女, 中国科学院苏州纳米所2020级硕士生. 研究方向为高分子基凝胶材料的维度设计与微环境调控应用研究.

王锦, 男, 研究员, 硕士生导师. 2012年获北京理工大学材料学博士学位, 2012年至2014年分别于日本东京工业大学和山形大学从事博士后研究, 2014年回国加入中国科学院苏州纳米所任副研究员. 主要研究方向为智能超分子水凝胶/气凝胶设计合成及其在生物、能源、环境(水净化与微环境调控)中的应用, 迄今发表学术论文46篇, 申请发明专利20余项(已授权9项), 主持国家自然科学基金3项、江苏省自然科学基金及苏州市科技局等项目近10项, 作为研究骨干参与国家重点研发计划、中国科学院重点部署专项等数10项.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(91963124); 国家自然科学基金(51773225)

Advances on Dimensional Structure Designs and Functional Applications of Aerogels

Jing Wang^a^,^b, Jin Wang^a^,^b^,^*()

a School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
b Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China

Received:2020-11-19 Published:2020-12-23
Contact: Jin Wang
About author:
* E-mail: jwang2014@sinano.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(91963124); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51773225)

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摘要/Abstract

气凝胶是一类兼具重要科学研究意义和巨大工程化应用价值的纳米多孔材料, 其制备过程涉及溶胶-凝胶化学转变、结构调控、界面张力消除等基础科学问题, 在理化性能方面同时具有超低密度和超低热导率特性, 是一类理想的轻量化超级隔热保温材料, 在航空航天、交通运输等对重量要求严苛的应用领域极具吸引力. 此外, 得益于气凝胶的高比表面积、高孔隙率、连续开孔等结构特征, 其在吸附、催化、药物载体、能源和环境修复等领域也具有重要应用潜力. 因此, 近年来气凝胶及其应用获得国内外学术和产业界的极大研究兴趣. 本综述调研了自气凝胶首次报道以来相关文献与知识产权的概况, 而后以制备方法、气凝胶种类、维度结构设计、新型应用为轴, 系统概括了气凝胶的制备方法, 新型气凝胶的种类, 以维度为特色的气凝胶材料, 以及气凝胶的独特应用. 如近五年来涌现的新型超分子气凝胶、智能响应气凝胶、气凝胶纤维、气凝胶的增材制造等, 都在一定程度上颠覆了传统材料、突破了传统制备方法的局限. 最后对气凝胶近年来的发展做了简要总结和展望.

关键词: 气凝胶, 干燥方法, 维度结构设计, 气凝胶纤维, 增材制造

Aerogel is a kind of nanoporous materials with important scientific research significances and great engineering application values. Its preparation process involves basic scientific issues such as sol-gel chemical transformation, structure control, and interfacial tension elimination. Aerogels are ideal lightweight super thermal insulation materials due to their ultra-low density and ultra-low thermal conductivity, which are attractive properties for the applications in aerospace, transportation, and other applications with strict weight requirements. Thanks to the characteristics of high specific surface areas, high porosity, and continuous open pore structure, aerogels also have important potential applications in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, drug carrier, energy and environmental remediation. Recent years, great research interests in aerogels have gained from both academic and industrial fields. This review gives a brief overview of the relevant literatures and intellectual property rights since the first report of aerogels, and systematically summarizes the preparation methods of aerogels, types of aerogels, dimensional structure designs, and novel applications of aerogels developed in the past five years. For example, supramolecular aerogels, stimuli-responsive aerogels, aerogel fibers, additive manufacturing of aerogels have subverted traditional materials to a certain extent and broke through the limitations of traditional preparation methods. Finally, a brief summary of aerogels in recent years and prospect for the development of aerogels in the future are made.

Key words: aerogel, drying method, dimensional structure design, aerogel fiber, additive manufacturing

引用此文

王静, 王锦. 气凝胶维度结构设计与功能化应用的研究进展[J]. 化学学报, 2021, 79(4): 430-442.

Jing Wang, Jin Wang. Advances on Dimensional Structure Designs and Functional Applications of Aerogels[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(4): 430-442.

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图/表 17

图1. 氧化硅气凝胶照片: (a)逆光照片; (b)顺光照片

Figure 1. Photo images of silica aerogel under back light (a) and front light (b)

图2. 气凝胶论文与专利发表数量与年度趋势图, 数据统计于web of science

Figure 2. Number of papers and patents under the name of aerogels, data collected from web of science

图3. 氧化硅气凝胶溶胶-凝胶法的制备过程[32]

图4. 不同类型的湿凝胶网络示意图[33]

图5. 干燥方法和液体转变途径[35]

图6. 疏水改性及常压干燥技术

Figure 6. Superhydrophobic modification and ambient pressure drying

图7. 冷冻干燥法制备气凝胶的扫描电镜图[57]

图8. 减压干燥法制备气凝胶原理示意图[58]

	超临界干燥	冷冻干燥	常压干燥
时间	1931年首次发明	1970年初次、2010年广泛使用	20世纪八九十年代
原理	无气-液界面及毛细管力, 不会引起凝胶体的收缩和结构的破坏	冰升华	回弹效应
优势	产物具有较高强度、高比表面积^[5]、孔结构完整^[59]、适用范围最广	冰晶效应诱导气凝胶的高弹压缩性^[5]	能耗低、操作简单、生产周期短、工艺成熟、安全方便经济
劣势	耗能高、成本高, 时间长^[59]	设备投资大, 能源消耗成本高	孔径过大、几乎无比表面积、不适用于亲水性

表1. 干燥方法的对比

Table 1. Comparison of drying methods

图9. 气凝胶微球的SEM照片[59]

常规方法	关键环节	缺点
乳液法	借助乳化剂, 利用油水相分离	制备过程存在较强剪切力, 多用于制备湿凝胶力学强度好的微球
喷雾法	静电/超声喷雾设备+接收装备	微液滴尺寸分散性较差, 直接喷射会影响微球的成形度
注射法	常用注射器等对溶液推挤	微球尺寸一般较大, 制备效率低下

表2. 前驱体微液滴制备方法的对比

Table 2. Comparison of preparation methods of precursor microdroplets

图10. 凯夫拉气凝胶纤维图[115]

图11. 氧化硅气凝胶纤维图[125]

图12. 凯夫拉气凝胶3D打印过程[136]

图13. 墨水直写方案制备的纤维素纳米晶体气凝胶[137]

图14. 超疏水隐形手套[138]

图15. PE气凝胶调温制冷原理

Figure 15. PE aerogel temperature regulation and refrigeration principle

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气凝胶维度结构设计与功能化应用的研究进展

Advances on Dimensional Structure Designs and Functional Applications of Aerogels

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