基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究★

doi:10.6023/A26010037

化学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 84 ›› Issue (5): 775-804.DOI: 10.6023/A26010037 上一篇

综述

基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究^★

何乾龙, 胡洁颖, 钟礼匡^*(), 何军^*()

广东工业大学轻工化工学院广州 510006 广东省中国

投稿日期:2026-01-31 发布日期:2026-04-03
通讯作者: 钟礼匡, 何军
作者简介:
★“框架材料化学”专辑
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22371054); 国家自然科学基金(22301045); 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515012801); 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024B1515120009); 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240311)

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★

Qianlong He, Jieying Hu, Lai-Hon Chung^*(), Jun He^*()

School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China

Received:2026-01-31 Published:2026-04-03
Contact: Lai-Hon Chung, Jun He

About author:

Qianlong He is now pursuing a master's study under the supervision of Prof. Jun He at Guangdong University of Technology. His research interests focus on MOF-based catalysts for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction.

Jieying Hu received her PhD in Chemical Engineering and Technology from Guangdong University of Technology in 2023 under the supervision of Prof. Jun He. She is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher at Guangdong University of Technology, in ongoing collaboration with Prof. Jun He, working on the design and synthesis of sulfur- and alkyne-enriched porous organic frameworks and on their applications.

Lai-Hon Chung is an Associate Professor at the School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology. He received his bachelor’s degree from City University of Hong Kong in 2010 and his PhD in 2015 under the supervision of Professor Chun-Yuen Wong. His early research focused on organometallic chemistry, particularly transition-metal-mediated alkyne cyclization and functionalization mechanisms, as well as exploration of metalated heterocycles. He joined Guangdong University of Technology in 2019 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2025. He has published over 70 SCI-indexed papers and co-authored two book chapters. His current research interests focus on metallolinker-based crystalline frameworks for sustainable catalysis.

Jun He is currently a Professor, PhD supervisor, and Vice Dean of the School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering at Guangdong University of Technology. He has been selected as a Distinguished Professor under the Pearl River Scholars Program of Guangdong Province, a recipient of Guangdong Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and a Top Young Talent of the Guangdong Special Support Program (the “Hundred-Thousand-Ten Thousand” Young Talent Project). His research focuses on the design and synthesis of sulfur-enriched metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as well as their applications in energy catalysis and conversion. He has published nearly 150 SCI-indexed papers in leading journals, including JACS, Angew. Chem., Nat. Commun., CCS Chem., and holds over 20 granted invention patents. He has served as principal investigator for multiple projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (4 grants), Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (15 grants) and industries (>10 grants).

★ For the VSI “Chemistry of Framework Materials”.

Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22371054); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22301045); Foundation of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province(2024A1515012801); Foundation of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province(2024B1515120009); Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20240311)

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摘要/Abstract

随着农业与工业的不断发展, 目前全球范围内水体中的硝酸盐(NO₃⁻)污染仍然十分严重, 并且呈现出多点分散的特点, 使用硝酸根电化学还原(eNO₃RR)技术, 可以在常温常压下将NO₃⁻废弃物还原成对人类有用的物质——氨(NH₃). 然而, 在接近实际水体环境的中性pH条件下, eNO₃RR面临质子供给受限、析氢副反应竞争、亚硝酸盐(NO₂⁻)累积风险以及催化剂寿命不足等多重瓶颈. 近期备受关注的金属有机框架(MOF)材料潜力巨大, 其可调的多孔结构与明确的活性位点有利于提高NO₃^-还原效率与选择性. 这一领域近期取得了巨大的进展, 卓越的MOF基材料已达到接近99%的NH₃法拉第效率, 在抑制NO₂⁻累积的同时将NH₃产率推高至>23000 μg•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹, 通过构建导电复合结构与衍生化策略, MOF基材料能在工业级电流密度(>950 mA•cm⁻²)下保持>90%的法拉第效率和10小时以上的稳定性. 本综述聚焦MOF基电催化剂, 系统剖析了中性eNO₃RR的机理, 借助MOF的原子级可设计性, 通过单原子/簇调控、多金属协同、导电复合以及衍生化策略, 可精准克服中性条件下eNO₃RR的质子供给、析氢竞争及稳定性瓶颈, 实现从污染物到NH₃的高效转化. 但是目前距离这一目标仍存在许多挑战: 催化过程中的活性中心动态识别不够清晰准确, 真实水体中的长效稳定性有待验证, 以及规模化合成等问题亟待解决.

关键词: 金属有机框架(MOF), MOF衍生物, 电催化硝酸根还原, 氨合成, 中性环境

With the continuous development of agriculture and industry, nitrate (NO₃⁻) pollution in water bodies worldwide remains a serious issue, characterized by decentralized distribution across multiple sites. The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (eNO₃RR) technology enables the reduction of NO₃⁻ waste into ammonia (NH₃)—a substance useful to humans—under ambient temperature and pressure. However, under near-neutral pH conditions that mimic actual aquatic environments, eNO₃RR faces multiple bottlenecks, including limited proton supply, competition from hydrogen evolution side reactions, risks of nitrite (NO₂⁻) accumulation, and insufficient catalyst lifespan. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, which have attracted significant attention recently, hold tremendous potential. Their tunable porous structures and well-defined active sites are conducive to improving NO₃⁻ reduction efficiency and selectivity. Remarkable progress has been made in this field: advanced MOF-based materials have achieved an NH₃ Faraday efficiency (FE) of nearly 99%, suppressed NO₂⁻ accumulation, and pushed the NH₃ yield to >23000 μg•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹. By constructing conductive composite structures and employing derivatization strategies, MOF-based materials can maintain a FE of >90% and remain stable for over 10 h at industrial-level current densities (>950 mA•cm^-²). This review focuses on MOF-based electrocatalysts and systematically analyzes the mechanism of neutral eNO₃RR. Leveraging the atomic-level designability of MOFs, strategies such as single-atom/cluster regulation, multi-metal synergy, conductive composites, and derivatization can precisely overcome the bottlenecks of proton supply, hydrogen evolution competition, and stability in neutral eNO₃RR, enabling efficient conversion of pollutants to NH₃. Nevertheless, several challenges remain before this goal is fully achieved: the dynamic identification of active centers during catalysis is not sufficiently clear and accurate, long-term stability in real water bodies needs verification, and issues such as large-scale synthesis urgently require solutions.

Key words: metal-organic framework (MOF), MOF derivatives, electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction, ammonia synthesis, neutral conditions

引用此文

何乾龙, 胡洁颖, 钟礼匡, 何军. 基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究^★[J]. 化学学报, 2026, 84(5): 775-804.

Qianlong He, Jieying Hu, Lai-Hon Chung, Jun He. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(5): 775-804.

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Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu-BDC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	130.16 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	67.42%	−0.946 V	5 r	[84]
Zn-MOF	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 500 ppm KNO₃	461.1 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	80.50%	−1.1 V	10 r	[81]
Zn₅-NiS₄TP MOF	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1378.52 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96.20%	92.87%	−1.3 V	20 r	[47]
InCu-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 300 ppm KNO₃	52.37 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	82%	−1.0 V	5 r	[108]
Co-TATB	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	378.8 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98%	−1.0 V	8 r	[89]
Co-bpta-btc	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	604.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	83.3%	−1.0 V	12 h	[114]
HUST-38	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NO₃^-	785.63 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	92.7%	95.7%	−0.6 V	96 h	[44]
a_gCu(Melm)₂-CC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 75 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.20 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	91%	−1.8 V	16 h	[115]
DiMe-Cu₃-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	23.54 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95%	−1.55 V	12 h	[95]
Fe-pyNDI	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	861.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	≈90%	−1.2 V	10 r	[100]
Cu-CA	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	186.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	90.3%	−0.9 V	10 r	[116]
NJUZ-2	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	253.7 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.4%	−0.8 V	70 r	[117]
NJUZ-3	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	214.5 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.8%	−0.8 V	—	[117]
Cu-BTA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 ppm KNO₃	133.87 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	79.46%	—	−1.2 V	20 r	[118]
CuNi_0.75-MOF/NF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	3.04 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.88%	−1.0 V	10 r	[74]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu-BDC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	130.16 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	67.42%	−0.946 V	5 r	[84]
Zn-MOF	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 500 ppm KNO₃	461.1 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	80.50%	−1.1 V	10 r	[81]
Zn₅-NiS₄TP MOF	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1378.52 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96.20%	92.87%	−1.3 V	20 r	[47]
InCu-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 300 ppm KNO₃	52.37 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	82%	−1.0 V	5 r	[108]
Co-TATB	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	378.8 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98%	−1.0 V	8 r	[89]
Co-bpta-btc	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	604.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	83.3%	−1.0 V	12 h	[114]
HUST-38	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NO₃^-	785.63 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	92.7%	95.7%	−0.6 V	96 h	[44]
a_gCu(Melm)₂-CC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 75 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.20 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	91%	−1.8 V	16 h	[115]
DiMe-Cu₃-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	23.54 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95%	−1.55 V	12 h	[95]
Fe-pyNDI	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	861.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	≈90%	−1.2 V	10 r	[100]
Cu-CA	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	186.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	90.3%	−0.9 V	10 r	[116]
NJUZ-2	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	253.7 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.4%	−0.8 V	70 r	[117]
NJUZ-3	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	214.5 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.8%	−0.8 V	—	[117]
Cu-BTA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 ppm KNO₃	133.87 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	79.46%	—	−1.2 V	20 r	[118]
CuNi_0.75-MOF/NF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	3.04 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.88%	−1.0 V	10 r	[74]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu/SO₃-MOF-808	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.383 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.6%	87.5%	−1.19 V	—	[153]
CoP/Zn-ZIF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.9 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	≈97%	−1.0 V	30 r	[154]
Cu₃P-a	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 ppm KNO₃-N	31.86 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	83.62%	90.95%	−0.5 V	8 r	[155]
FeN_x-PC-Fe NPs	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 1.0 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	1.77 ± 0.06 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	93.5%	−1.0 V	120 h	[156]
AuPt@ZIF-8	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 ppm NaNO₃	7.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96%	(95.8 ± 3.0)%	−0.5 V	6 r	[140]
Ni-MOFs@HsGDY@Cu	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.321 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.5%	−0.11 V	12 r	[157]
CuCeO_x/C	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	—	73.40%	75.5%	−1.29 V	1 h	[158]
Cu-Co HOC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+ 50 ppm KNO₃-N	0.022 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	90.68%	−0.5 V	—	[152]
UiO-CuZn	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄+ 200 ppm NaNO₃	228.11 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.2%	92.6%	−1.0 V	—	[159]
UiO-66-derived M-SAC	1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.76 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	>96%	−1.0 V	—	[88]
Fe-S-Z-C	0.02 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 mg•L⁻¹ NO₃^--N	—	—	93.9%	−0.47 V	6 r	[160]
Cu-Ru@C	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 μg•mL⁻¹ NaNO₃	99.84 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	84.70%	90.4%	−0.9 V	25 h	[161]
Cu-Co₃O₄/NF	0.2 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 2 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.076 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	92.4%	−0.53 V	6 r	[162]
NiPC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 200 mg•L⁻¹ KNO₃	108.04 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.04%	96.68%	−1.0 V	—	[139]
NiCoO₂@Cu	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	348.82 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.7%	94.2%	−0.7 V	33 h	[127]
Co-N-C-500	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	66.93 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	74%	86.8%	−0.6 V	30 h	[149]
Co₃O₄@MoS₂	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.2 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	266.55 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	52.69%	−0.64 V	10 r	[163]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu/SO₃-MOF-808	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.383 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.6%	87.5%	−1.19 V	—	[153]
CoP/Zn-ZIF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.9 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	≈97%	−1.0 V	30 r	[154]
Cu₃P-a	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 ppm KNO₃-N	31.86 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	83.62%	90.95%	−0.5 V	8 r	[155]
FeN_x-PC-Fe NPs	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 1.0 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	1.77 ± 0.06 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	93.5%	−1.0 V	120 h	[156]
AuPt@ZIF-8	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 ppm NaNO₃	7.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96%	(95.8 ± 3.0)%	−0.5 V	6 r	[140]
Ni-MOFs@HsGDY@Cu	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.321 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.5%	−0.11 V	12 r	[157]
CuCeO_x/C	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	—	73.40%	75.5%	−1.29 V	1 h	[158]
Cu-Co HOC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+ 50 ppm KNO₃-N	0.022 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	90.68%	−0.5 V	—	[152]
UiO-CuZn	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄+ 200 ppm NaNO₃	228.11 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.2%	92.6%	−1.0 V	—	[159]
UiO-66-derived M-SAC	1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.76 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	>96%	−1.0 V	—	[88]
Fe-S-Z-C	0.02 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 mg•L⁻¹ NO₃^--N	—	—	93.9%	−0.47 V	6 r	[160]
Cu-Ru@C	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 μg•mL⁻¹ NaNO₃	99.84 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	84.70%	90.4%	−0.9 V	25 h	[161]
Cu-Co₃O₄/NF	0.2 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 2 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.076 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	92.4%	−0.53 V	6 r	[162]
NiPC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 200 mg•L⁻¹ KNO₃	108.04 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.04%	96.68%	−1.0 V	—	[139]
NiCoO₂@Cu	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	348.82 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.7%	94.2%	−0.7 V	33 h	[127]
Co-N-C-500	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	66.93 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	74%	86.8%	−0.6 V	30 h	[149]
Co₃O₄@MoS₂	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.2 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	266.55 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	52.69%	−0.64 V	10 r	[163]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Cost Evaluation	Ref.
Au/Cu SAA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄+100 ppm of NO₃⁻−N	0.193 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.69%	−0.8 V	45 h	High	[203]
Bi/Cu₂O	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+1000 ppm NO₃⁻	0.150 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	99.2%	−0.8 V	14 h	Low	[208]
Ni₁Cu-SAA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+200 ppm NO₃⁻−N	0.326 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	≈100%	−0.55 V	≈8.89 h	Medium	[204]
Rh@Cu-0.6%	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.27 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	93 %	−0.2 V	30 h	High	[206]
Fe-N-C	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ +0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.46 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	75%	−0.66 V	20 r	Medium	[208]
P-Cu_0.51Ni_0.49	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 ppm KNO₃	94.94 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	98.38%	−0.55 V	10 h	Low	[209]
hcp/fcc Cu₁₀Ni_₉₀	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 100 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	3.37 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	98.1%	−0.7 V	12 r	Low	[210]
Cl-Cu	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50~200 mg•L⁻¹ NO₃⁻−N	4.32 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	82.5%	−0.65 V	>100 h	Low	[207]
Cu-SA/UiO-bpy	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	434.5 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	98.1%	−0.8 V	10 r	Medium	[59]
NJUZ-2	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	253.7 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	98.8%	−0.8 V	70 h	Medium	[117]
Zn₅-NiS₄TP MOF	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.348 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	92.87%	−1.3 V	20 r	High	[47]
FeNx-PC-Fe NPs	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 1.0 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	1.77±0.06 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	98.4%	−1 V	120 h	Medium	[156]
CuNi_0.75-MOF/NF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	3.04 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	95.88%	−1 V	10 r	Low	[74]
HUST-38	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NO₃⁻	0.785 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.7%	−0.6 V	96 h	Medium	[44]

基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究^★

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★

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基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究★

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights★

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基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究^★

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★