硅基负极预锂化技术的研究进展、关键挑战与发展趋势

doi:10.6023/A26050153

综述

硅基负极预锂化技术的研究进展、关键挑战与发展趋势

王也, 周俊杰, 许崇^*, 李永峰^*

中国石油大学(北京) 重质油国家重点实验室北京市昌平区府学路 102249

投稿日期:2026-05-09
作者简介:王也,中国石油大学（北京）新能源与材料学院博士研究生,已发表SCI论文15篇,申请国家发明专利2项,曾获得国家奖学金等荣誉,研究方向为高性能硅基负极材料、单壁碳纳米管开发等,并参与相关材料体系的中试开发工作,熟悉从实验室基础研究到工程化放大的关键流程; 周俊杰,男,中国石油大学（北京）新能源与材料学院材料科学与工程专业本科生; 主要从事锂离子电池硅基负极材料、碳包覆与界面工程、锂离子电池粘结剂等方面的研究; 许崇,男,1994年2月生,安徽黄山人,中国石油大学（北京）青年拔尖人才; 从事锂电池电解液设计及电极材料设计研究,主持国家自然科学基金、校青年拔尖人才项目等; 累计已发表论文50余篇,其中以第一作者/通讯作者在Energy Environ. Sci.、ACS Nano、Nano Lett.、Energy Storage Mater.（3篇）、Small、Chem. Eng. J.（5篇）、J. of Colloid and Interf. Sci.（5篇）等期刊发表SCI论文30余篇; 授权专利4项,申请专利10项; 李永峰,教授,博士生导师,新能源与材料学院院长; 首批海外高层次人才入选者,“国家优秀青年基金”获得者; 北京市昌平区政协委员,中国颗粒学会第六、七届理事会理事,中国复合材料学会矿物复合材料专业委员会副主任,第七届石墨及石墨材料产业专业委员会理事等
基金资助:
中国国家自然科学基金会(22238012,22408398)、中国石油大学（北京）科学基金会(2462025BJRC006)

Research Progress, Key Challenges, and Future Perspectives of Prelithiation Technologies for Silicon-Based Anodes

Wang Ye, Zhou Junjie, Xu Chong^*, Li Yongfeng^*

State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China

Received:2026-05-09
Contact: ^*E-mail: chongxu@cup.edu.cn; yfli@cup.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22238012, 22408398), the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing (2462025BJRC006).

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摘要/Abstract

硅基负极具有高理论比容量,是提升锂离子电池能量密度的重要候选材料,但其首次不可逆锂损失、SEI持续形成和体积效应会显著降低首次库仑效率并削弱循环稳定性。预锂化可在电极制备、装配或化成阶段引入额外活性锂,用于补偿首圈锂消耗并改善全电池可利用锂库存。本文按照作用位置与锂源引入路径,将硅基负极预锂化技术归纳为负极侧预锂化、正极侧预锂化以及电芯级预锂化与界面调控策略三类;其中,负极侧预锂化进一步分为直接接触预锂化、负极补锂添加剂和化学预锂化,直接接触预锂化又可按照接触/回路构型细分为内部短路、外部短路和复合层预锂化。本文重点比较不同技术在补锂效率、均匀性、界面调控、空气稳定性、安全性、工艺复杂度和产业适配性方面的差异。最后,围绕精准补锂、界面稳定、补锂剂环境耐受性、连续化制造和材料-工艺-设备协同设计等关键问题,总结硅基负极预锂化技术的发展趋势。

关键词: 硅基负极, 预锂化技术, 直接接触预锂化, 负极补锂添加剂, 化学预锂化, 正极侧预锂化, 界面调控

Silicon-based anodes are promising candidates for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries, but their initial irreversible lithium loss, continuous SEI formation, and volume variation reduce the initial Coulombic efficiency and undermine cycling stability. Prelithiation introduces additional active lithium before electrode fabrication, cell assembly, or formation to compensate first-cycle lithium consumption and improve the usable lithium inventory of full cells. This review classifies prelithiation technologies for silicon-based anodes according to the compensation location and lithium-source introduction pathway, including anode-side prelithiation, cathode-side lithium compensation, and separator/cell-level integrated strategies. Within anode-side prelithiation, direct-contact routes are subdivided into internal short-circuit, external short-circuit, and composite-interlayer prelithiation, and are discussed together with anode-additive and chemical prelithiation; cathode-side lithium compensation and separator/cell-level integrated strategies are compared in terms of compensation efficiency, uniformity, interfacial regulation, air stability, safety, processing complexity, and manufacturing compatibility. Key challenges and future directions are discussed with emphasis on precise lithium compensation, interface stabilization, environmental tolerance of prelithiation reagents, continuous manufacturing, and coordinated materials-process-equipment design.

Key words: silicon-based anodes, prelithiation, anode-side prelithiation, direct-contact prelithiation, anode prelithiation additives, chemical prelithiation, cathode-side lithium compensation, interfacial regulation

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王也, 周俊杰, 许崇, 李永峰. 硅基负极预锂化技术的研究进展、关键挑战与发展趋势[J]. 化学学报, doi: 10.6023/A26050153.

Wang Ye, Zhou Junjie, Xu Chong, Li Yongfeng. Research Progress, Key Challenges, and Future Perspectives of Prelithiation Technologies for Silicon-Based Anodes[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, doi: 10.6023/A26050153.

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