钠金属电池因其理论比容量高(1076 mA•h•g^－1)和钠资源储量丰富, 被认为是下一代高能量密度电池的理想选择之一. 然而, 钠金属负极在循环过程中易形成枝晶, 引发短路问题, 导致电池循环寿命短和库仑效率低, 甚至存在安全隐患. 作为电池关键结构材料, 集流体的形貌结构设计可调控钠金属的沉积/剥离行为, 从而抑制枝晶生长. 其中, 三维碳集流体凭借其稳定的机械支撑、高比表面积和优化的离子传输路径, 能有效抑制枝晶形成, 显著提升电池的循环稳定性和电化学性能, 成为最具潜力的集流体材料之一. 系统综述了近年来碳集流体的制备工艺, 重点分析了三维碳基集流体的性能优化策略, 如原子掺杂提高亲钠特性、功能化改性三维碳材料电子结构、有机/无机复合策略提高界面稳定性以及孔径结构调节三维碳基集流体表面反应等方法, 并探讨了碳基材料的应用优势与研究进展. 最后, 对三维集流体在钠金属电池中的未来发展方向进行了展望.

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have emerged as promising next-generation energy storage systems due to sodium’s high theoretical specific capacity (1076 mA•h•g^－1) and natural abundance in the Earth’s crust (2.3%). However, dendrite formation during cycling leads to safety risks and rapid capacity degradation. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of three-dimensional (3D) carbon-based current collectors (CCs) as transformative platforms to regulate Na⁺ deposition. 3D carbon architectures, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene aerogels, and carbon cloth, offer high surface areas (500~1500 m²•g^－1), robust mechanical frameworks, and optimized ion transport pathways, effectively reducing local current density and nucleation overpotential by 40%~60%. Firstly, the fabrication technologies are critically discussed. The template methods enable precise pore control (1~50 mm) but risk structural collapse. Sacrificial templates (e.g., MOFs) address this limitation, yielding composites with high conductivity and specific capacity (>600 mA•h•g^－1). The use of 3D-printed nitrogen-doped graphene aerogels (3DP-NGA) facilitates dendrite-free sodium deposition, where pyrrolic-N defects act as nucleation sites to guide uniform Na plating, even in complex architectures. Electrospinning produces binder-free mesoporous carbon nanofibers (MCNFs), while chemical vapor deposition (CVD) synthesizes graphitic domains with tunable porosity. Atomic doping of 3D carbon materials can increase their sodium affinity, thereby promoting more uniform sodium deposition. Functionalization strategies such as alloying and incorporating organic or inorganic composites can further enhance sodiophilicity and help form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during cycling. In addition, rational pore design can effectively regulate sodium plating and stripping behavior, thereby suppressing dendrite growth. Looking ahead, we envision several promising opportunities and pressing challenges: advancing in situ characterization techniques to unravel the fundamental structure-performance correlations; harnessing machine learning-driven inverse design to accelerate materials discovery; developing scalable roll-to-roll manufacturing strategies for gradient-doped CCs with projected costs below $5/m²; and integrating these architectures with solid-state electrolytes to unlock energy densities surpassing 500 W•h•kg^－1. Overall, this review establishes 3D carbon-based CCs as pivotal enablers for practical SMBs, bridging fundamental research and industrial implementation through multidisciplinary innovation.