1 引言
2 含氮杂环配体MOFs作为电催化剂的相关特性
2.1 含氮杂环配体MOFs的合成方法
2.2 含氮杂环配体MOFs作为电催化剂的优势
2.3 含氮杂环配体MOFs作为电催化剂的挑战
2.3.1 含氮杂环配体MOFs的电化学稳定性
图1 (a) MOF颗粒表面的EDL结构; (b)离子/分子在EDL结构中扩散到MOF框架; (c)中性电解液中MOF电极的截面图; (d)金属节点或有机配体的氧化还原反应导致MOF结构破坏; (e)动态电位扫描导致MOF表面或孔内EDL的形成和离子扩散[54]Figure 1 (a) The EDL structure on the surface of an MOF particle; (b) ions/molecules diffusion into the MOF framework in the EDL structure; (c) cross-sectional illustration of MOF-coated electrode in neutral electrolyte; (d) structural destruction of MOFs driven by the redox reactions involving metal nodes or organic linkers; (e) EDL formation and ion diffusion on the surface or inside the pores of MOFs due to the dynamic potential sweeping[54] (Copyright 2021 American Chemical Society) |
图2 (a) Cu3(DMPz)3的恒电位合成方法及性能示意图; (b) ALPS法在Cu3(DMPz)3上催化生成CH4和C2H4的机理示意图[57]Figure 2 (a) Potentiostatic synthesis methods and performance of Cu3(DMPz)3; (b) Schematic illustration for the catalytic mechanism of CH4 and C2H4 production on Cu3(DMPz)3 with ALPS methods[57] (Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society) |
2.3.2 含氮杂环配体MOFs的导电性
3 基于含氮杂环配体MOFs作为电催化剂的表征技术
4 基于含氮杂环配体MOFs在ECRR中的应用
4.1 咪唑基MOFs
图3 (a) ZIF-A-LD的合成过程; (b)不同电位下ZIF-8、ZIF-A-LD、ZIF-8/CB和ZIF-A-LD/CB的FECO; (c) ZIF-8和ZIF-A-LD中sp2 C位点上的自由能[77]; (d) ZIF-8/Zn电极合成过程示意图[79]; (e) Cu-MOF-CF的制备过程; (f) CF和Cu-MOF-CF的ECRR产物; (g) CF和Cu-MOF-CF的FEC2H4[83]Figure 3 (a) Synthesis process of ZIF-A-LD; (b) FECO of ZIF-8, ZIF-A-LD, ZIF-8/CB, and ZIF-A-LD/CB at different potentials; (c) free energy profile of ZIF-8 and ZIF-A-LD on the sp2 C atom sites[77] (Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (d) schematic diagram of synthesis process for ZIF-8/Zn[79] (Copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (e) preparation of Cu-MOF-CF; (f) ECRR products of CF and Cu-MOF-CF; (g) FEC2H4 of CF and Cu-MOF-CF[83] (Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH) |
图4 (a) ZIF-P5/In的制备[84]; (b) Cu2O/ZIF-8合成过程示意图; (c) Cu/ZIF-8和Cu NPs的FEC2+; (d) Cu/ZIF-8和标准物的Cu K-边FT-EXAFS图; (e) Cu/ZIF-8和Cu簇C—C耦合自由能图[69]Figure 4 (a) Scheme for preparation of ZIF-P5/In[84] (Copyright 2024 Elsevier); (b) schematic illustration of the synthesis process of Cu2O/ZIF-8; (c) FEC2+ of Cu/ZIF-8 and Cu NPs; (d) Cu K-edge FT-EXAFS curves of Cu/ZIF-8 and the references; (e) C—C coupling free-energy profile of Cu/ZIF-8 and Cu cluster[69] (Copyright 2024 Chinese Chemical Society) |
图5 (a) Cu—X的合成和结构; (b) Cu—I在不同电位下不同产物的FE; (c) Cu—Cl, Cu—Br和Cu—I的FECH4; (d) Cu—Cl, Cu—Br和Cu—I的ECRR自由能图[85]Figure 5 (a) Scheme for preparation and structure of Cu—X; (b) FEs of different products on Cu-I at various potentials; (c) FECH4 of Cu—Cl, Cu—Br, and Cu—I catalysts; (d) free energy profiles of ECRR on Cu—Cl, Cu—Br, and Cu—I[85] (Copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH) |
图6 (a) Ag-MOF1沿c轴互穿3D结构; (b) Ag-MOF2的2D结构; (c)不同电位下Ag-MOFs的FECO[86]; (d) [Cu(TIPE)0.5](ClO4)和(e) [Co(TIPE)(TFA)2]•2DMF的2D结构; (f) [Cu(TIPE)0.5](ClO4)在不同电位下的ECRR产物选择性[87]Figure 6 (a) Interpenetrated 3D structures of Ag-MOF1 along the c-axis; (b) 2D structure of Ag-MOF2; (c) FECO of Ag-MOFs at different potentials[86] (Copyright 2024 Royal Society of Chemistry); 2D networks of (d) [Cu(TIPE)0.5](ClO4) and (e) [Co(TIPE)(TFA)2]•2DMF; (f) FEs of ECRR products for [Cu(TIPE)0.5](ClO4) at different potentials[87] (Copyright 2024 Royal Society of Chemistry) |
图7 (a) Ag@BIF-104NSs(Cu)的合成过程示意图; (b) BIF-104NSs(Cu)上CO脱附和Ag@BIF-104NSs(Cu)上C—C偶联的结构模型[89]; (c)自组装形成四面体笼的示意图; (d) BIC-145的结构图; (e) BIC-145上CO2转化为C2H4可能的ECRR路径[90]Figure 7 (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis procedure for Ag@BIF-104NSs(Cu); (b) the calculated structures of CO desorption on BIF-104NSs(Cu) and the C—C coupling on Ag@BIF-104NSs(Cu)[89] (Copyright 2023 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (c) schematic illustration of the post-assembly modification of tetrahedral cages; (d) structural diagram of BIC-145; (e) the possible ECRR pathways for CO2 to C2H4 conversions on BIC-145[90] (Copyright 2025 Science China Press) |
4.2 吡唑基MOFs
图8 (a) ECRR中Cu-PzX (其中X=H, Cl, Br, I)选择性差异示意图[91]; (b) CuBPZ的合成路线及3D结构[92]; (c) NNU-50的3D框架[94]; (d) Cu1Ni-BDP MOF的结构模型; Cu1Ni-BDP MOF的(e) HRTEM图像和(f)模拟结构模型; (g) Cu1Ni-BDP MOF在不同电位下的ECRR产物和H2的FE; (h) Ni-BDP MOF、Cu1Ni-BDP MOF和Cu2Ni-BDP MOF的吉布斯自由能图[95]Figure 8 (a) Illustration of the difference in selectivity for Cu-PzX (where X=H, Cl, Br, I) in the ECRR[91] (Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (b) synthetic route and 3D structure of CuBPZ[92] (Copyright 2022 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (c) 3D framework of NNU-50[94] (Copyright 2022 Tsinghua University Press); (d) structural model of the Cu1Ni-BDP MOF; (e) HRTEM image and (f) simulated structure model of Cu1Ni-BDP MOF; (g) FEs toward ECRR products and H2 on the Cu1Ni-BDP MOF at different potentials; (h) calculated Gibbs free energy diagrams on the Ni-BDP MOF, Cu1Ni-BDP MOF, and Cu2Ni-BDP MOF[95] (Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society) |
图9 (a) Pd-Cu@CuPz2的合成示意图; (b)在不同电位下不同催化剂的FEC2+; (c) Cu2O-CuPz2和Cu2O-PdO-CuPz2表面CO2到*OCCO的吉布斯自由能图; (d) Cu2O-PdO-CuPz2(Cu)和Cu2O-PdO-CuPz2(Pd)表面*CH2CHO到EtOH的吉布斯自由能图[58]Figure 9 (a) Schematic synthesis of Pd-Cu@CuPz2; (b) the FEC2+ over the different catalysts at various potentials; (c) the Gibbs free energy diagrams of CO2 to *OCCO on Cu2O-CuPz2 and Cu2O-PdO-CuPz2 surface; (d) the Gibbs free energy diagrams of *CH2CHO to EtOH on Cu2O-PdO-CuPz2 (Cu) and Cu2O-PdO-CuPz2 (Pd) surface[58] (Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH) |
4.3 三唑基MOFs
图10 (a)不同尺寸纳米结构CuTrz的合成路线以及CuTrz的化学结构; CuTrz-53 nm, CuTrz-109 nm, CuTrz-307 nm和CuTrz-1335 nm在不同电位下的(b) C2H4和(c) C2+产物的FE[98]; (d) 配体分子的化学结构; (e) Ln-Cu的结构, 其中X代表取代基, 位于右侧方框中, *表示与三唑离子基团相连的位置; (f) Ln-Cu在-(0.930±0.008) V时的ηC—C coupling[67]Figure 10 (a) Synthetic route of CuTrz nanostructures with different sizes as well as the chemical structure of the CuTrz; (b) FE of C2H4 and (c) FE of C2+ products on CuTrz-53 nm, CuTrz-109 nm, CuTrz-307 nm, and CuTrz-1335 nm at different potentials, respectively[98] (Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society); (d) chemical structure of ligand molecules; (e) the structure of Ln-Cu, X represents the substituents and is on the right frame, * indicates the position connecting with triazole rings; (f) ηC—C coupling of Ln-Cu at -(0.930±0.008) V[67] (Copyright 2024 Springer Nature) |
图11 (a) Cu-N-S和Cu-I-S的合成和ECRR在Cu-N-S和Cu-I-S上不同产物示意图; (b) Cu-N-S 和 Cu-I-S在不同电位下C2H4和C2+产物的FE[101]; (c) MAF-2Fa和(d) MAF-2Fb的3D框架; (e) MAF-2Fa和MAF-2Fb在-1.2 V时ECRR性能的比较; (f) 在PD-Cu、BD-Cu、LM-Cu和TM-Cu位点上*CO/*CO-*CO中间体结合模式的变化[56]Figure 11 (a) Schematic synthesis of Cu-N-S and Cu-I-S and the different products of ECRR on Cu-N-S and Cu-I-S, respectively; (b) The FE of C2H4 and C2+ products on Cu-N-S and Cu-I-S at different potentials[101] (Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society); 3D frameworks of (c) MAF-2Fa and (d) MAF-2Fb; (e) Comparison of typical performances at -1.2 V for MAF-2Fa and MAF-2Fb; (f) Coordination modes change as *CO/*CO-*CO intermediate binding for PD-Cu, BD-Cu, LM-Cu, and TM-Cu sites[56] (Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH) |
图12 (a) Cu-btca-c相变示意图; (b) Cu-btca-c和(c) Cu NPs在不同电流密度下ECRR产物分布[109]; (d)化合物1的框架通道和3D结构; 化合物1在(e) 0.5 mol/L NaCl电解液和(f)处理过的天然海水中ECRR产物选择性[110]Figure 12 (a) Diagram of the phase transformation from Cu-btca-c; ECRR product distributions on (b) Cu-btca-s and (c) Cu NPs at different current densities[109] (Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society); (d) channels in the framework and the 3D framework of compound 1; The products selectivity of ECRR for compound 1 (e) in 0.5 mol/L NaCl electrolyte and (f) in treated natural seawater[110] (Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH) |
4.4 四唑基MOFs
图13 (a) 1和(b) 2的结构图[111]; (c) Cu(4-pt)层内结构示意图; (d) Cu(4-pt)层间堆叠模式[113]; (e)暴露不同晶面的Cu-MMT纳米结构合成示意图; (f) Cu-MMT-H2O和(g) Cu-MMT-IPA在不同电位下的产物分布[115]Figure 13 Perspective drawings of the structures for (a) 1 and (b) 2[111] (Copyright 2025 American Chemical Society); (c) schematic representation of the intralayer structure for Cu(4-pt); (d) interlayer stacking pattern of Cu(4-pt)[113] (Copyright 2025 Elsevier); (e) schematic illustration of the synthesis for Cu-MMT nanostructures with different exposed facets; Product distributions of (f) Cu-MMT-H2O and (g) Cu-MMT-IPA at different potentials[115] (Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society) |
4.5 基于其他含氮配体MOFs
图14 (a) Cu-N2O2和Cu-N2O3合成示意图; (b) Cu-N2O2将CO2转化为C2产物的路径示意图[116]; (c) 2D AgCe-MOF和3D AgCe-MOF的合成; (d) 2D AgCe-MOF中平行吡啶环之间以及六元环中心之间的距离; (e) 2D AgCe-MOF层内π-π作用; 2D AgCe-MOF和3D AgCe-MOF的(f) Nyquist图和(g)不同扫速与充电电流密度比值斜率图; (h) 2D AgCe-MOF和3D AgCe-MOF在不同电位下的C1分布产物图[117]Figure 14 (a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of Cu-N2O2 and Cu-N2O3; (b) schematic pathway of CO2 to C2 products on Cu-N2O2[116] (Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (c) crystal construction strategy of 2D AgCe-MOF and 3D AgCe-MOF; (d) distance between the parallel pyridine rings and the distance between the centers of mass of six-membered rings of 2D AgCe-MOF; (e) intralayer π-π interactions of 2D AgCe-MOF; (f) nyquist plots and (g) charging current density at different rates of the 2D AgCe-MOF nanosheet and 3D AgCe-MOF; (h) the product of C1 distribution for 2D AgCe-MOF and 3D AgCe-MOF at different potentials[117] (Copyright 2024 American Chemical Society) |


