1 引言
2 成像与治疗的一体化平台
2.1 成像引导的化疗
图2 (a)金属大环1的分子结构; (b)金属大环1的归一化吸收与发射光谱(插图: 金属大环1的NIR-II信号); (c) U87MG肿瘤中金属大环1制备的纳米颗粒治疗响应的NIR-II成像监测(82 mW/cm2, 100 ms)[85]. (d)金属大环2的分子结构; (e)金属大环2的吸收与发射光谱; (f) PBS组、顺铂组和金属大环2制备的纳米颗粒药物组的HepG2肿瘤生长抑制曲线[86]. Copyright © 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry and 2019 National Academy of SciencesFigure 2 (a) Molecular structure of metallacycle 1; (b) Normalized absorption and emission spectra of metallacycle 1 (inset: NIR-II signal of metallacycle 1); (c) NIR-II imaging monitoring of therapeutic response in U87MG tumors using nanoparticles derived from metallacycle 1 (82 mW/cm², 100 ms)[85]; (d) Molecular structure of metallacycle 2; (e) Absorption and emission spectra of metallacycle 2; (f) Tumor growth inhibition curves of HepG2 treated with PBS, cisplatin, and nanoparticles derived from metallacycle 2[86]. Copyright © 2019 Royal Society of Chemistry and 2019 National Academy of Sciences |
图3 (a)金属大环3~5的结构式; (b) A549细胞和(c) SK-HEP-1细胞与近红外配体(红色部分)及金属大环3~5共孵育后的红外荧光显微图像, 比例尺为100 μm(化合物: 基于氰基二苯乙烯的二吡啶供体以及金属大环3~5)[90]. Copyright © 2019 ElsevierFigure 3 (a) Structures of metallacycles 3~5; (b) Infrared fluorescence microscopy image of A549 cells and (c) SK-HEP-1 cells after co-incubation with the near-infrared ligand (red region) and metallacycles 3~5, scale bar=100 μm (Compounds: cyanostilbene-based dipyridyl donor and metallacycles 3~5)[90]. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier |
2.2 成像引导的光动力治疗
图4 (a)金属大环6的分子式; (b)金属大环6的发射光谱; (c) A549小鼠肿瘤在四种不同处理方案下的代表性照片; (d) PDT治疗后四种处理方案的肿瘤组织学检查结果(比例尺: 50 μm)[91]. Copyright © 2018 National Academy of SciencesFigure 4 (a) Molecular structure of metallacycle 6; (b) Emission spectrum of metallacycle 6; (c) Representative images of A549 mouse tumors under four different treatment regimens; (d) Histological examination of tumor tissues after PDT treatment with the four regimens (scale bar: 50 μm)[91]. Copyright © 2018 National Academy of Sciences |
图5 (a)金属大环7的分子式; (b)金属大环7和配体DTPABT-P的吸收、发射光谱; (c)金属大环7和配体DTPABT-P的1O2的生成速率[92]; (d)金属大环8的分子式; (e)金属大环8在固态和溶液态下的发射光谱; (f)金属大环8制备的纳米颗粒8 NPs的发射光谱(插图为8 NPs的PLQY)[93]. Copyright © 2020 and 2023 Royal Society of ChemistryFigure 5 (a) Molecular structure of metallacycle 7; (b) Absorption and emission spectra of metallacycle 7 and ligand DTPABT-P; (c) Generation rate of 1O2 for metallacycle 7 and ligand DTPABT-P[92]; (d) Molecular structure of metallacycle 8; (e) Emission spectra of metallacycle 8 in the solid state and in solution; (f) Emission spectra of nanoparticles (8 NPs) prepared from metallacycle 8 (inset shows the PLQY of 8 NPs)[93]. Copyright © 2020 and 2023 Royal Society of Chemistry |
2.3 成像引导的光热治疗
图6 (a)金属大环9~11的分子式; (b)金属大环9~11与其构成吡啶并吡咯烷(aza-BODIPY)发色团(1~3)的吸收/发射光谱; (c)金属大环11制备的纳米颗粒在肿瘤组织中协同PDT/PTT形成与能级示意图; (d)经金属大环11制备的纳米颗粒孵育并用AM/PI染色的HeLa细胞, 照射5 min或更短时间后的荧光成像(λex=808 nm, 0.5 W/cm2). 图像于照射后30 min采集(红色标记死细胞, 绿色标记活细胞, 比例尺=200 μm)[94]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical SocietyFigure 6 (a) Molecular structures of metallacycles 9~11; (b) Absorption and emission spectra of metallacycles 9~11 and their constituent aza-BODIPY chromophores (1~3); (c) Schematic illustration of the energy levels and PDT/PTT synergistic effects of nanoparticles derived from metallacycle 11 in tumor tissues; (d) Fluorescence imaging of HeLa cells incubated with nanoparticles derived from metallacycle 11 and stained with AM/PI, after irradiation with an 808 nm laser (0.5 W/cm²) for 5 min or less. Images were collected 30 min post-irradiation (red: dead cells, green: live cells, scale bar=200 μm)[94]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society |
2.4 成像引导的协同治疗
图7 (a)金属笼12的结构式; (b)注射64Cu@12NPs后2、4、6、12、24及48 h U87MG荷瘤裸鼠的PET成像; (c)不同治疗方案小鼠的PET/CT影像, 红色虚线圆圈标示原位肝细胞癌肿瘤; (d)不同制剂处理后小鼠的肿瘤生长曲线(n=9)[95]. Copyright © 2018 Springer NatureFigure 7 (a) Structural formula of metallacage 12; (b) PET images of U87MG tumor-bearing nude mice at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-injection of 64Cu@12NPs; (c) PET/CT images of mice under different treatment regimens, with red dashed circles indicating orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma tumors; (d) Tumor growth curves for the mice after different formulations (n = 9)[95]. Copyright © 2018 Springer Nature |
图8 (a)金属大环13的结构式; (b)金属大环13制备的纳米粒子的吸收/发射光谱(插图: 金属大环13 NIR区域的发光信号); (c)不同制剂处理组小鼠肿瘤形态典型照片[96]. Copyright © 2019 National Academy of SciencesFigure 8 (a) Structural formula of metallacycle 13; (b) Absorption/emission spectra of nanoparticles derived from metallacycle 13 (inset: NIR emission signal of metallacycle 13); (c) Representative tumor morphology images of mice treated with different formulations[96]. Copyright © 2019 National Academy of Sciences |
图9 (a)金属大环14的分子结构; (b) P@CY和P@14在PBS中的紫外-可见吸收光谱, 以及CY和金属大环14在DMF中的紫外-可见吸收光谱; (c) 4T1荷瘤小鼠治疗14天后剥离肿瘤的实物照片[97]; (d)金属大环15的分子结构; (e)含不同水体积分数的金属大环15的可见光与荧光照片; (f)不同制剂处理后γ-H2AX染色的A2780细胞CLSM图像, 比例尺=20 μm[98]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society Publications and 2021 WileyFigure 9 (a) Molecular structures of metallacycles 14; (b) UV-vis absorption spectra of P@CY and P@14 in PBS, and of CY and metallacycle 14 in DMF; (c) Photographs of excised tumors from 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after 14 days of treatment[97]; (d) Molecular structures of metallacycles 15; (e) Photographs of metallacycle 15 with different water fractions under visible and fluorescence light; (f) CLSM images of γ-H2AX-stained A2780 cells after different treatments (scale bar=20 μm)[98]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society Publications and 2021 Wiley |
2.5 成像引导的深组织治疗
图10 (a)金属大环16的结构式; (b)金属大环16在二氯甲烷(DCM)中的吸收与归一化发射光谱(λex=808 nm); (c)不同处理后的细胞周期分析[99]; (d)金属笼17的结构式; (e)金属笼17的吸收与荧光发射(插图: 金属笼17的NIR-II信号, λex=808 nm); (f)瘤内注射金属笼17 (5 µL, 4 mg/mL, λex=808 nm, 28 mW/cm2)后不同时间点A549荷瘤小鼠的近红外二区荧光图像[100]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society Publications and 2021 WileyFigure 10 (a) Structural formula of metallacycle 16; (b) Absorption and normalized emission spectra of metallacycle 16 in dichloromethane (DCM) (λex=808 nm); (c) Cell cycle analysis under different treatments[99]; (d) Structural formula of metallacage 17; (e) Absorption and fluorescence emission of metallacage 17 (inset: NIR-II signal of metallacage 17, λex=808 nm); (f) NIR-II fluorescence images of A549 tumor-bearing mice at different time points after intratumoral injection of metallacage 17 (5 µL, 4 mg/mL) followed by 808 nm laser irradiation (28 mW/cm2)[100]. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society Publications and 2021 Wiley |
图11 (a)金属大环18的结构示意图; (b)金属大环18在CH2Cl2中的荧光发射光谱, 插图: 金属大环18在CH2Cl2中的近红外二区荧光成像(λex=808 nm, 使用1000 nm长通滤光片); (c)金属大环18制备的纳米颗粒诱导A549肿瘤治疗响应的NIR-II图像(28 mW/cm²)[101]; (d)金属笼19的结构示意图; (e)不同甲苯体积分数(fT)的DMSO/甲苯混合溶剂中金属笼19的发射光谱; (f)各组经相应处理15天后获取的肿瘤照片(注: 19-1为配体19制备的纳米颗粒)[102]. Copyright © 2022 Springer Nature and 2022 WileyFigure 11 (a) Schematic structure of metallacycle 18; (b) fluorescence emission spectrum of metallacycle 18 in CH2Cl2 (inset: NIR-II fluorescence image of metallacycle 18 in CH2Cl2 under 808 nm excitation using a 1000 nm long-pass filter); (c) NIR-II images showing therapeutic responses of A549 tumors in mice after treatment with nanoparticles derived from metallacycle 18 (28 mW/cm2)[101]; (d) schematic structure of metallacage 19; (e) emission spectra of metallacage 19 in DMSO/toluene mixed solvents with different toluene fractions (fT); (f) photographs of excised tumors collected 15 days after different treatments (note: 19-1 refers to nanoparticles prepared from ligand 19)[102]. Copyright © 2022 Springer Nature and 2022 Wiley |
2.6 成像引导的免疫激活治疗
图12 (a)金属大环20~23的结构式; (b)金属大环20~23 (20 μmol/L)在DMF中的归一化吸收光谱及相应发射光谱; (c)治疗16天期间肿瘤体积变化[103]. Copyright © 2023 WileyFigure 12 (a) Structural formulas of metallacycles 20~23; (b) normalized absorption spectra of metallacycles 20~23 (20 μmol/L) in DMF and their corresponding emission spectra; (c) tumor volume changes during 16 days of treatment[103]. Copyright © 2023 Wiley |
图13 (a)金属笼24的结构式; (b) M24NPs的吸收/发射光谱; (c)注射PBS、BNPs、CNPs和M24NPs (20 μg/mL)后, 经激光照射的U87荷瘤小鼠红外热成像图(BNPs为BTTP制备的纳米颗粒, λex=808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2, 10 min)[104]. Copyright©2024 American Chemical SocietyFigure 13 (a) Structural formulas of metallacage 24; (b) absorption/emission spectra of M24NPs; (c) infrared thermal images of U87 tumor-bearing mice after injection with PBS, BNPs, CNPs, or M24NPs (20 μg/mL) followed by 808 nm laser irradiation (1.0 W/cm2, 10 min) (BNPs refer to nanoparticles prepared from BTTP)[104]. Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society |
图14 (a)金属大环25的分子结构; (b)金属大环25 (20 μmol/L)与配体L (40 μmol/L)在DMF中的归一化吸收光谱及对应发射光谱(λex=808 nm); (c)对小鼠肿瘤组织中分离的总细胞中Foxp3+ T细胞亚群比例的定量分析, 数据以均值±标准误差表示[105]; (d)金属大环26的分子结构; (e)金属大环26 (5 μmol/L)与配体aza-BODIPY (15 μmol/L)在不同深度组织仿体闭塞层的DCF荧光图像(激发波长λex=808 nm, 1 W/ cm2); (f)不同处理条件下肿瘤切片的TUNEL染色结果, 比例尺: 50 μm[106]. Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society and 2024 WileyFigure 14 (a) Molecular structure of metallacycle 25; (b) Normalized absorption and corresponding emission spectra of metallacycle 25 (20 μmol/L) and ligand L (40 μmol/L) in DMF (λex=808 nm); (c) Quantitative analysis of the proportion of Foxp3+ T-cell subpopulations in total cells isolated from mouse tumor tissues, data presented as mean ± SEM[105]; (d) Molecular structure of metallacycle 26; (e) DCF fluorescence images of metallacycle 26 (5 μmol/L) and aza-BODIPY ligand (15 μmol/L) under 808 nm laser excitation (1 W/cm²) at different depths of tissue phantom occlusion layers; (f) TUNEL staining of tumor sections under different treatment conditions, scale bar=50 μm[106]. Copyright © 2024 American Chemical Society and 2024 Wiley |
2.7 成像引导的抗感染治疗
图15 (a)金属大环27的结构式; (b)金属大环27在DMF中的归一化吸收/发射光谱(λex=808 nm); (c)不同治疗后伤口面积变化百分比, 比例尺: 5 mm[107]. Copyright © 2022 National Academy of SciencesFigure 15 (a) Chemical structure of metallacycle 27. (b) Normalized absorption and emission spectra of metallacycle 27 in DMF (λex=808 nm). (c) Percentage changes in wound area after different treatments. Scale bar=5 mm[107]. Copyright © 2022 National Academy of Sciences |

