Conformal Two-Dimensional Materials: Preparation and Applications

doi:10.6023/A24070219

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 82 ›› Issue (11): 1162-1179.DOI: 10.6023/A24070219 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

共形二维材料: 创制与应用

刘卫涛^a, 高战胜^a, 黄明举^a, 刘忠范^b^,^c^,^*(), 陈珂^a^,^d^,^*()

a 河南大学低维材料物理研究中心物理与电子学院未来技术学院开封 475004
b 北京大学化学与分子工程学院北京 100871
c 北京石墨烯研究院北京 100095
d 河南省科学院量子材料与物理研究所郑州 450046

投稿日期:2024-07-17 发布日期:2024-10-08

作者简介:

刘卫涛, 河南大学物理与电子学院在读博士生. 2018年毕业于郑州航空工业管理学院应用物理学专业, 同年进入河南大学物理与电子学院攻读硕士学位并于2020年转入硕博连读, 师从陈珂教授和黄明举教授. 研究方向为二维材料的生长调控与应用.

高战胜, 博士, 2023年毕业于南开大学材料学院, 同年入职河南大学物理与电子学院, 主要研究方向为低维材料及其异质结合成与器件表征.

黄明举, 博士, 河南大学教授. 河南省物理学会理事, 中国光学学会光学材料专业委员会委员, 国家高等学校“光电信息工程”类专业教学指导委员会协作分会委员, Opt. Eng.、Chin. Phys. Lett.、中国激光、光子学报等专业期刊审稿人. 河南省教育厅学术带头人, 省高校优秀骨干教师. 先后主持和参加国家自然科学基金等省部级以上项目11项, 获省部级以上优秀奖4项. 共发表SCI、EI论文160余篇.

刘忠范, 物理化学家, 日本东京大学博士. 北京大学博士生导师、博雅讲席教授、纳米科学与技术研究中心主任, 北京石墨烯研究院院长. 中国科学院院士、发展中国家科学院院士. 英国物理学会会士、英国皇家化学会会士、中国微米纳米技术学会会士. “物理化学学报”主编、“科学通报”副主编. 主要从事石墨烯等纳米碳材料研究, 在石墨烯、碳纳米管的化学气相沉积生长方法研究领域做出了一系列开拓性和引领性的工作. 发表SCI检索学术论文550余篇, 申请中国发明专利80余项. 曾获日中科技交流协会“有山兼孝纪念研究奖”(1992)、香港求是科技基金会杰出青年学者奖(1997)、中国分析测试协会科学技术奖一等奖(2005)、教育部高等学校科学技术奖自然科学一等奖(2007)、国家自然科学二等奖(2008)、中国化学会-阿克苏诺贝尔化学奖(2012)、宝钢优秀教师特等奖(2012)、日本化学会胶体与界面化学年会Lectureship Award(2016)、北京大学方正教师特别奖(2016)、“北京市优秀教师”称号(2017)、国家自然科学二等奖(2017)、ACS Nano Lectureship Award(2018)等.

陈珂, 河南大学教授, 博导, 国家万人计划青年拔尖人才(2020). 2012年获同济大学材料物理与化学博士学位并于同年入职河南大学. 2012年在英国剑桥大学化学系做访问博士生. 2013~2018年在北京大学化学与分子工程学院做博士后和访问学者. 2020~2021年在美国麻省理工学院材料科学与工程系做访问学者. 研究方向为二维材料的可控生长与纳米光学. 在Nat. Photon.、Nat. Commun.、Adv. Mater.等国际著名期刊共发表SCI论文60余篇, 参与编写石墨烯相关专著(章节)2部, 授权国家发明专利8项. 获河南省中原基础研究领军人才、中原青年拔尖人才、省教育厅学术技术带头人、省优秀青年专家、河南省青年科技奖等称号或奖励.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52272038); 国家自然科学基金(22309042); 国家万人计划和河南省中原英才计划的资助

Conformal Two-Dimensional Materials: Preparation and Applications

Weitao Liu^a, Zhansheng Gao^a, Mingju Huang^a, Zhongfan Liu^b^,^c(), Ke Chen^a^,^d()

a Center for the Physics of Low-Dimensional Materials, School of Physics and Electronics, School of Future Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
b College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
c Beijing Graphene Institute, Beijing 100095, China
d Institute of Quantum Materials and Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China

Received:2024-07-17 Published:2024-10-08
Contact: ^*E-mail: kchen@henu.edu.cn; zfliu@pku.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272038); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22309042); National Young Top-Notch Talents of Ten-Thousand Talents Program and the Zhongyuan Talents Program of Henan Province

Conformal two-dimensional materials refer to an atomically-thin layered material that can closely adhere on the surface of any substrate. It is tightly coated on the substrate surface like a thin film, along with the contour of the substrate surface, and thus forms a new type of functional composite structural material. This conformal structural material not only inherits the original surface morphological characteristics of the substrate, but also endows the substrate with novel physical properties of two-dimensional materials to achieve new functions and stimulate new physical and chemical effects under the interaction between two-dimensional materials and the substrate. The introduction of special substrate structures can enable two-dimensional materials to transcend the limitations of two-dimensional space. Combining the planar structure of two-dimensional materials with the arbitrary curved structure of the substrate is an important way to enhance interactions between two-dimensional materials and the surrounding environment, greatly expanding the application fields of two-dimensional materials, and may even achieve the killer applications. On the basis of proposing the concept of conformal two-dimensional materials, this article first elucidates the mechanism of conformal growth of two-dimensional materials, reveals the influence of substrate features and structures on the conformal growth and conformity of two-dimensional materials, as well as explores the thermodynamic factors and spatial equilibrium conditions that affect material growth behaviors. Second, it classifies and summarizes current progress on the preparation methods, properties, and applications of conformal two-dimensional materials represented by open and confined structures of substrates. Finally, the challenges and future development directions in this field are discussed.

Key words: two-dimensional material, conformal growth, conformality, open architecture, confined architecture

Cite this article

Weitao Liu, Zhansheng Gao, Mingju Huang, Zhongfan Liu, Ke Chen. Conformal Two-Dimensional Materials: Preparation and Applications[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2024, 82(11): 1162-1179.

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Fig. & Tab. 16

Figure 1. Schematic of conformal 2D materials and conformal coating

Figure 2. Schematic of conformity

Figure 3. Schematic of growth processes of graphene on metal substrates

Figure 4. Nucleation process on flat and concave substrates. (a) Non-uniform nucleation on a smooth planar substrate. (b) Nucleation work shape factor f(θ) as a function of infiltration angle. (c) Non-uniform nucleation on the concave interface. (d) The functional relationship between the nucleation work shape factor f and the infiltration angle θ under different concave angles φ

Figure 5. Curved interface of spherical corona and the additional pressure

Figure 6. The growth process of crystal nuclei on rough substrates. (a) Processes of atom deposition, evaporation, diffusion, adsorption, desorption, as well as nucleation and growth. (b) Schematic of the deposition positions of atoms on (100) plane of a simple cubic crystal. (c) Potential energy of atom transition on the rough interface during the continuous crystal growth process

Figure 7. Growth behavior of 2D materials on different curved surface structures

Figure 8. Influence of the confined space on fluid behaviors. (a) Distribution of flow velocity within the boundary layer. (b) Schematic of gas flow around a cylinder at different Reynolds numbers. (c) Schematic of gas flows within a tube. (d) Schematic of gas flows during the graphene growth process in PCF with pore diameter of ca. 4 μm at different pressures

Figure 9. Open conformal structure of 2D materials. (a) Schematic of 2D MoS2-covered SiO2 microspheres[95]. (b) HRTEM images of Au/SiO2 nanoparticle with a continuous and completely packed shell with ca. 2 nm thickness[96]. (c) High-resolution HAADF-STEM image of a Pd@PtnL nanocage[82]. (d) Schematic of the MoS2/Mo2C heterostructure[97]. (e) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of the MoS2/Mo2C heterostructure[98]. (f) HRTEM image of CNT@MoS2@C composite structure[99]. (g) Schematics of MoSe2/Mo core-shell 3D-hierarchical nanostructures prepared by the plasma-assisted selenization process. (h, i) Field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and EDX elemental mapping spectra of the as-prepared FeCoNi composite nanotubes. The scale bars are 500 and 200 nm, respectively[100]

Figure 10. Biomimetic structure of 2D materials. (a) Schematic of graphene growth on a diatom frustule and its hierarchical biomorphic structures[117]. (b) TEM image of the microstructure of the diatom frustule-derived MoS2[118]. (c) Nepenthes-like N-doped hierarchical graphene[119]. (d) Polypyrrole hierarchical architectures synthesized from a sea urchin spine[120]. (e) Highly ordered mesoporous carbon nanofiber arrays via a crab shell hard-templating synthetic process[121]. (f) CVD growth of graphene on cuttlebone substrates. The insert is top and bottom views of cuttlebones[122]. (g) Schematic illustration of Gr foam formation. SEM images of (h) pristine scallop microstructure, (i) Scallop calcined at 1050 ℃ for 30 min in air, (j) Calcined scallop after CVD graphene growth at 1020 ℃ for 30 min, (k) 3D graphene foam after removal of the CaO framework. Insets of panels h~k are the corresponding photographs[123]. All the scale bars are 5 μm

Figure 11. Artificial microstructures of 2D materials. (a) Schematics of graphene-PCF grown by the CVD method, with a graphene film on both the outer surface and inner walls of the PCF. (b) SEM image of the graphene-PCF end surface. (c) 2D-mode Raman intensity mapping of graphene at the fibre end surface. (d) SEM image of a tube-like graphene protruding out of one hole of the fractured graphene-PCF. (e) AFM image of a graphene ribbon with wrinkles. A height of ca. 2.0?nm is measured along the white dashed line[130]. (f) Transmission micrograph of bare PCF and graphene-PCF[131]. (g) Dependence of MoS2 coverage on the Na2MoO4 aqueous solution concentrations of 1 mg?mL?1, 4 mg?mL?1, respectively. (h) STEM image of collapsed tube-like MoS2 transferred onto a hollow grid, showing the high crystallinity of the as-grown MoS2 without detectable defects[132]. (i) The surface of air holes of PCF (hole diameter and pitch are both on the micron scale) is fully covered with Graphene/hBN/Graphene films (details in the top right panel)[133]

Figure 12. Complex porous structures of 2D materials. (a) Synthesis procedure and structural model for mesoporous MoS2 with a double-gyroid (DG) morphology[140]. (b) SEM images of 3D graphene[141]. (c) TEM images of 3D MoS2[142]. (d) Schematic diagram of the fabrication process of MoS2@NPG hybrid materials by a nanoporous metal-based CVD approach[143]. (e) SEM image of AMPSi@C (scale bar: 2 μm)[144]. (f) TEM image of ant-nest-like microscale porous Si (AMPSi)@C (scale bar: 100 nm). The inset (scale bar: 10 nm) is the HRTEM image showing that the 5~8 nm thickness amorphous C shell is coated on the Si nanoligaments and the lattice distance of 0.31 nm corresponds to the d-spacing of the (111) planes of crystalline Si (111)[144]. (g) Photographs of 3D printed graphene foams before and after dissolving the Ni[145]. The scale bars are 5 mm

Figure 13. The interaction between light and matter in conformal two-dimensional materials. (a) Model of shell-isolated nanoparticles (Au@SiO2 NPs, SHINs) at a Pt (111) surface. (b) TEM image of Au@SiO2 nanoparticles. (c) SEM image of a Pt (111) single-crystal electrode surface modified with SHINs. (d) 3D-FDTD simulations of four SHINs NPs with a model of a 2×2 array on a Pt substrate. E and E0 represent the localized electric field and the incident electric field, respectively[149]. (e) Schematics of FGQF. (f) SEM image of 5/2 satin and sateen weave structure of FGQF. (g) Shielding mechanisms of FGQF. (h) Shielding mechanisms of a single FM graphene quartz fiber (≈7 μm in diameter) as exemplified by quartz fiber (yellow) coated by graphitic N-doped Gr layers (black)[150]

Figure 14. Photonic crystal fiber. (a) Transmission micrograph of bare HCF and MoS2-HCF. SHG (b) and THG (c) spectra of MoS2-HCF[132]. (d) Schematic of a graphene-PCF-based electro-optic modulator. The gate voltage between the ionic liquid and graphene controls light transmission through the graphene-PCF. (e) 2D mapping of transmission modulation (normalized by fiber length) of the graphene-PCF modulator as a function of gate voltage and optical wavelength. (f) Modulation curves at 1310 and 1550?nm show an unambiguous transition between the ‘on’ and ‘off’ state with large modulation depth[130]

Figure 15. Surface modification of electrodes. (a) Schematic of the monolayer MoS2@NPG. (b) Higher resolution STEM images of monolayer MoS2@NPG from the flat region of a gold ligament. The inset shows the simulated STEM image based on the standard structure model of 2H MoS2. (c, d) Derivative polarization curves showing the onset potentials and corresponding Tafel slopes of MoS2@NPG[143]. (e) Schematic diagram of the growth of graphene cage-like structure on MnO nanorods. (f) Cyclic voltammetry curves of the MnO@defected graphene electrodes in a potential window of 0.01~3 V versus Li/Li+ collected at a scan rate of 50 μV?s?1. (g) Long-term electrochemical cycling of MnO@MDFG electrode compared with the bare MnO electrode. The rate is 0.05 C for 3 cycles and 0.15 C for 200 cycles, respectively[167]

Figure 16. Various applications of conformal 2D materials. (a) In-situ TEM images of a CNT@Si@C particle at different lithiation states (scale bar: 0.5 μm). (b) Volume expansion curve of the particle recorded during the lithiation process[169]. (c) Optical image of the filter and a schematic description of the filtration process[170]. (d, e) The drug release of indomethacin from DOPA/iron oxide modified diatoms over (d) 12 d and (e) 6 h. The insert is SEM image of surface after drug loading[111]. (f) Current (I) response upon exposure to NO gas (3, 5, or 8 cm3/m3 in argon). The insert is SEM of the SnO2-coated valves attached to two platinum electrodes[171]

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共形二维材料: 创制与应用

Conformal Two-Dimensional Materials: Preparation and Applications

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