Research Progress in Degradation Mechanism of Organic Solar Cells

doi:10.6023/A22020081

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 80 ›› Issue (7): 993-1009.DOI: 10.6023/A22020081 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

有机太阳能电池性能衰减机理研究进展

刘彦甫^a^,^b, 李世麟^b, 荆亚楠^b^,^c, 肖林格^b, 周惠琼^a^,^b^,^*()

a 郑州大学化学学院郑州 450001
b 国家纳米科学中心中国科学院纳米系统与多级次制造重点实验室北京 100190
c 北京航空航天大学化学学院北京 100191

投稿日期:2022-02-21 发布日期:2022-04-20
通讯作者: 周惠琼

作者简介:

刘彦甫, 郑州大学化学学院2019级硕士研究生, 现在国家纳米科学中心联合培养, 主要研究方向为有机太阳能电池性能衰减分析和稳定性提高.

周惠琼, 博士生导师, 国家纳米科学中心研究员. 于武汉大学获得学士和硕士学位, 国家纳米科学中心获得博士学位. 之后加入加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校Heeger教授课题组进行博士后研究. 2015年入选中科院人才项目加入国家纳米科学中心, 2019年获得国家自然科学基金委“优秀青年科学基金”资助. 致力于溶液法光伏器件的研究, 在有机和钙钛矿太阳能电池方面有着丰富的经验. 迄今为止发表文章近百篇. 目前为Sol. RRL杂志Editorial Advisory Board成员, 《物理化学学报》、InfoMat以及NanoResearch等杂志青年编委.

基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFA0206600); 国家自然科学基金(21922505); 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(B类)(XDB36000000)

Research Progress in Degradation Mechanism of Organic Solar Cells

Yanfu Liu^a^,^b, Shilin Li^b, Yanan Jing^b^,^c, Linge Xiao^b, Huiqiong Zhou^a^,^b()

a College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001
b CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology,Beijing 100190
c School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191

Received:2022-02-21 Published:2022-04-20
Contact: Huiqiong Zhou
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0206600); National Natural Science Foundation of China(21922505); Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB36000000)

During the last several years, with the emergence of non-fullerene Y-series star molecular acceptors, the power conversion efficiency of single-junction organic solar cells has exceeded 19%. However, the relatively poor stability of the devices under different operating conditions seriously restricts its commercialization. Therefore, more and more researches are focused on the causes of devices degradation of organic solar cells and how to improve the stability of organic solar cells (OSCs). OSCs have complex active layer materials and different device structure. It is still not clear about the performance and decay process of organic solar cells. Most of the previous reviews on OSC stability are based on external factors such as moisture, oxygen, light and heat, and lack of explanation of device degradation process. In this review, the literatures of OSCs device degradation in recent years are reviewed and several factors that cause performance degradation in OSCs devices are summarized. Firstly, the device performance attenuation caused by the change of active layer, the photooxidation reaction caused by chemical molecule changes, photochemical reaction, and device aging process, and the morphological changes in active layers caused by photothermal stresses and their effects on device performance are reviewed. Then, the influence of the changes at the interface and transporting layer degradation is introduced. Finally, the multi-directional strategies for improving the stability of OSCs are stated and how to improve the stability of organic solar cells is suggested.

Key words: stability, photooxidation, morphology, interfacial reaction

Cite this article

Yanfu Liu, Shilin Li, Yanan Jing, Linge Xiao, Huiqiong Zhou. Research Progress in Degradation Mechanism of Organic Solar Cells[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2022, 80(7): 993-1009.

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Fig. & Tab. 14

Figure 1. Timeline of single-binary non-fullerene organic solar cells

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of inverted device structure for OSCs and typical modes of device degradation (I) Molecular photo-oxidation; (II) aggregation and fullerene dimerization under photothermal conditions; (III) interfacial reaction; (IV) water oxygen erosion and electrode diffusion

Figure 3. Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristic of PCDTBT:PC61BM based devices of (a) different degradation times under simulated AM 1.5G illumination in air and (b) made with different fractions of degraded PC61BM[23], (c) MALDI of pristine (blue) and aged (red) P3HT: PC61BM blends and (d) energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) from density functional theory (DFT) of PC61BM versus the number of oxygens[24] Ref. [23] Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry; Ref. [24] Copyright 2010, WILEY-VCH

Figure 4. (a) Photobleaching rates of different acceptor materials, (b) UV-visible absorption spectra of ITIC and PC61BM upon different time illumination, (c) oxidation sites of ITIC and PC71BM[34] and (d) UV-visible absorption spectra of different endcap materials upon different time illumination[42] Copyright 2019, The Royal Society of Chemistry

Figure 6. (a) Chemical structures and the electron affinities of the fullerenes[49], (b) fitting curve of fractional losses of P3HT absorbance peaks after 8 h of exposure under AM1.5G illumination in air as a function of the LUMO level of the acceptors and (c) proposed degradation mechanism of the photodegradation of polymer[53] Ref. [49] Copyright 2012, WILEY-VCH; Ref. [53] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society

Figure 7. (a) Device decay process performance changes (including burn-in process and linear decay process)[54], (b) light (solid lines) and dark (dashed lines) J-V curves of fresh and aged (120 h) KP115:PC61BM based devices and devices containing 16% mass fraction PC61BM dimers[63] and (c) normalized performance changes of devices based on fullerene acceptors PC71BM and non-fullerene acceptors EH-IDTBR under illumination[65] Ref. [54] Copyright 2011, WILEY-VCH; Ref. [63] Copyright 2016, The Royal Society of Chemistry; Ref. [65] Copyright 2017, WILEY-VCH

Figure 8. (a) Schematic of [2+2] cycloaddition and radical dominated photocrosslinking of conjugated molecules demonstrated using acetylene oligomers as a model system[75], (b) J-V curves of the LBL-PM6 exposed, LBL-blend exposed, LBL-unexposed, and BHJ-unexposed devices and (c) the solution of PM6-only exposed, blend exposed, Y6-only exposed, and unexposed BHJ devices[76] Ref. [75] Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH; Ref. [76] Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry

Figure 9. Normalized in-situ Raman spectra changes of ITIC taken at increasing laser degradation times under a nitrogen flow at 514 nm excitation (inset showed inset showed ITIC and ITIC-M can twist upon illumination)[77] Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Figure 10. (a) Color changes of PTB7-Th and PTB7-Th:PC71BM films with and without DIO illuminated in air[87], (b) process of DIO cracking under light formation of HI and alkene, Hc is the vinylic proton of the alkene radical present by the 1H NMR splitting pattern[85] and MALDI-TOF based mass spectrometry of isolated species of (c) PC71BM and (d) ITIC films with DIO (inset indicates the adduct peaks of the C8H16I* radical and the acceptor)[86] Ref. [87] Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society; Ref. [85] Copyright 2019, Springer Nature; Ref. [86] Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH.

Figure 11. (a) Optical microscopy images of P3HT:PC61BM blend films with different annealing time[94], (b) optical microscopy images of ITIC-2F and ITIC-2Cl films annealed at 180 ℃ for different times[98] and (c) evolution of the N1S/S2P ratios on bottom and top surfaces of the PBDB-T:ITIC blend as function of the aging time (Inset: the vertical stratification of a BHJ)[99] Ref. [94] Copyright 2009, WILEY-VCH; Ref. [98] Copyright 2020, WILEY-VCH; Ref. [99] Copyright 2019, WILEY-VCH

Figure 12. (a) Chemical structures of the investigated amorphous and crystalline polymers, PCE losses of the polymers with PC71BM devices under light 60 hours in N2[105], (b) curves of different polymers absorption peak strength when exposed to light and pure oxygen environments[106] and (c) thin film density plotted against the photo bleach rate for the materials investigated[43] Ref. [105] Copyright 2014, The Royal Society of Chemistry; Ref. [106] Copyright 2013, WILEY-VCH; Ref. [43] Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society

Figure 13. (a) Schematic diagram of charge transfer between PEI and INCN end groups[121], (b) 1H-1H COSY NMR spectrum of the product at –50 ℃ and (c) 1H-15N HMBC NMR spectrum of the product at room temperature[122] Ref. [121] Copyright 2018, The Royal Society of Chemistry; Ref. [122] Copyright 2021, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

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有机太阳能电池性能衰减机理研究进展

Research Progress in Degradation Mechanism of Organic Solar Cells

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