Investigation of Humidity Stabilization Mechanism in CsPbIBr2 Perovskite Solar Cells

doi:10.6023/A24030093

Abstract

The stability and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are sensitive to fabrication environment, particularly moisture. Understanding the impact of moisture during perovskite film formation is essential for developing effective strategies to enhance performance. Herein, we have systematically investigated the influence of moisture on perovskite film formation as well as photovoltaic properties under varying humidity conditions. It is found that air humidity rapidly alters the physical and thermodynamic properties of the precursor solution during film formation, influencing both the crystallization process and compositional reactions. In the absence of humidity, films primarily forms CsI-PbBr₂•DMSO complexes through the reaction of CsI and PbBr₂•2DMSO clusters, which transform into desired α-phase after annealing at 280 ℃. Under humid conditions, H₂O competes with DMSO to coordinate with PbBr₂, forming PbBr₂•DMSO--H₂O clusters. Additionally, H₂O enhances the mobility of CsI within the wet film, leading to a phase transition to α-phase even at 40 ℃. Increased environmental humidity beyond RH 40% further accelerates the precipitation of PbBr₂•DMSO--H₂O complexes, leading to the formation of 2PbBr₂•2DMSO--H₂O. The interaction between CsI and these complexes creates larger intermediate crystals that are difficult to transform into 3D perovskites. And the complexes grow away from the substrate because of an additional solid-solid interfacial energy barrier between the crystals and the substrate. Thus, perovskite thin film becomes discontinuous, existing as crystal networks and islands, resulting in decreased coverage of the perovskite films. As a result, short-circuit current density and open-circuit voltage decrease, leading a decline in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 10.79% at RH 0% down to 0.10% at RH 60%. In the presence of adsorbed water, O₂ forms O²⁻ at the surface of perovskite films, reacting with Pb⁰ defects and its components within the film to produce lead oxide (PbO). This product enhances the stability of the crystal phase, allowing PSCs prepared under RH 40% to maintain 96% of its initial efficiency even after 1656 h in ambient air (RH≤20%). During film aging, moisture in the environment causes α-CsPbIBr₂ to initially transform from (100) and (200) facets to (110) facets, and then further to the δ-phase. Therefore, isolating water and oxygen effectively prevents phase transition. The insights gained from this study on the effects of humidity provide valuable guidance for controlling humidity during perovskite film preparation and storage, ultimately contributing to enhanced stability and performance.

Key words: CsPbIBr₂, perovskite solar cells, moisture effect, phase transition, crystallization promotion

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Lin Zhang, Hui Zhang, Congtan Zhu, Xueyi Guo, Ying Yang. Investigation of Humidity Stabilization Mechanism in CsPbIBr₂ Perovskite Solar Cells[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2024, 82(9): 971-978.

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Fig. & Tab. 5

Figure 1. (a) UV-Vis and (b) XRD patterns and (c) SEM images of CsPbIBr2 perovskite films prepared at different humidity (RH 0~60%) varing with the annealing time

Figure 2. XPS images of (a) Pb 4f and (b) O 1s of CsPbIBr2 perovskite films prepared at different humidity. (c) Schematic diagram of the effect of humidity

Figure 3. Photovoltaic performance characterization of CsPbIBr2 PSCs. (a) J-V curves. (b) long-term stability stored under ambient conditon with no more than 20% without encapsution. (c) EQE spectra and integrated current densities. (d) dark fitted Nyquist curves. (e) VOC on light intensity curves. (f) dark SCLC curves of the electron-only devices

Figure 4. Stability characterization of CsPbIBr2 perovskite films prepared under different humidity conditions. (a) Appearance stability. UV-Vis over time: (b) Films prepared at 0% humidity condition but kept in glove box N2; Films prepared at RH (c) 0%, (d) 25% and (e) 40% humidity condition but stored in low humidity air with relative humidity≤20%; XRD plots of films which prepared at RH (f) 0%, (g) 25%, and (h) 40% humidity condition on day 0 and 90

Figure 5. (a) Pb 4f and (b) O 1s XPS plots of CsPbIBr2 films after 100 d

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CsPbIBr₂钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定机制研究

Investigation of Humidity Stabilization Mechanism in CsPbIBr₂ Perovskite Solar Cells

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CsPbIBr2钙钛矿太阳能电池湿度稳定机制研究