我们实现了氮杂环卡宾(NHC)与1,2-环丁烯二酮的开环重建反应,通过改变氮杂环卡宾催化剂的类型,我们分别得到了碳插入的1,3-环戊二酮衍生物以及高氧化态和高活性的1,2,3-环丁三酮衍生物以及获得目标单晶结构,同时我们也捕获并得到其重要中间体的单晶. 该反应获得了中等到优异的产率 (45%-98%). 根据文献和单晶衍射分析显示两种产物经历了完全不同的反应历程。此外,反应还具有反应条件温和, 操作简便的优点,并且克级放大实验与产物衍生转化均可顺利实现.
We have achieved the ring-opening and reconstruction reaction between N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts and 1,2-cyclobutenediones. By varying the type of N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts, we selectively obtained carbon-inserted 1,3-cyclopentanedione derivatives, as well as 1,2,3-cyclobutantrione derivatives featuring high oxidation states and high reactivity. Meanwhile, we isolated single-crystals of the key reaction intermediates for 1,2,3-cyclobutanetrione. This reaction afforded moderate to excellent yields (45%-98%). Combined with literature reports and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, the two products were confirmed to proceed through completely distinct reaction pathways. Furthermore, this synthetic protocol features mild reaction conditions and simple operation, and the gram-scale scale-up experiment and derivatization transformations could also be smoothly implemented.
[1] (a) Tan, H.; Zheng, C.; Liu, Z.; Wang, D.Z. Org. Lett. 2011, 13, 2192-2195.
(b) Wang F.; Gao Y.; Zhang L.; Liu, J. K. Org. Lett.2010, 12, 2354-2357.
(c) Wang, F.; Gao, Y.; Zhang, L.; Bai, B.; Hu, Y. N.; Dong, Z. J.; Zhai, Q. W.; Zhu, H. J.; Liu, J. K. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 3196-3199.
[2] (a) Varea T.; Alcalde A.; Grancha A.; Lloret J.; Asensio G.; Lledos, A. J. Org. Chem.2008, 73, 6521-6533.
(b) Song P.; Li Q.; Wang C.; Wu W.; Mao X.; Wang J.; Hu, X. Adv. Synth. Catal.2016, 358, 1208-1212.
(c) Harrowven, D.C.; Pascoe, D.C.; Guy, I.L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 425-428.
(d) Harrowven, D.C.; Mohamed, M.; Gon?alves, T.P.; Whitby, R.J.; Bolien, D.;Sne--ddon, H.F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 4405-4408.
[3] (a) Deguest, G.; Bischoff, L.; Fruit, C.; Marsais, F.Synth. Commun. 2013, 841-847.
(b) Ratto, A.; Honek, J.F.Curr. Med. Chem. 2023, 31, 1172-1213.
[4] Bennett R.M.; Sun W.; Wilson D.C.; Light M.E.; Harrowven D.C. Chem. Commun.2021, 57, 5694-5697.
[5] (a) Flanigan D.M.; Romanov-Michailidis F.; White N.A.; Rovis T. Chem. Rev.2015, 115, 9307-9387.
(b) Enders, D.; Niemeier, O.; Henseler, A.Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 5606-5655. (c) Yang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Li, T.; Jin, Z. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2023, 365, 1756-1769.
[6] (a) Bera S.S.; Utecht-Jarzyńska G.; Yang S.; Nolan S.P.; Szostak M. Chem. Rev.2025, 125, 5349-5435.
(b) Sau S.C.; Hota P.K.; Mandal S. K.; Soleilhavoup M.; Bertrand, G. Chem. Soc. Rev.2020, 49, 1233-1252.
(c) Zhang, D.; Zi, G. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44, 1898-1921.
[7] (a) Das T. K.; Biju, A.T. Eur. J. Org. Chem.2017, 2017, 4500-4506.
(b) Rowsey R.A.; Hilgar J.D.; Romero N.A. Org. Lett.2024, 26, 4750-4755.
(c) Huang, Q.; Li, N.; Zhang, P.; Li, H. Chem. Sci. 2025, 16, 19263-19270.
(d) Yang, B.-M.; Xiang, K.; Tu, Y.-Q.; Zhang, S.-H.; Yang, D.-T. Wang, S.-H.; Zhang, F.-M. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 7163-7165.
[8] (a) Wang X.; Liu Y.; Li S.-W.; Zhao, Z. Chin. J. Org. Chem.2025, 45, 267-275.
(b) Liu Y.; Wang X.; He L.;Li S.-W.; Zhao, Z. Chin. J. Org. Chem.2024, 44, 1301-1310.
(c) Gao, Y.; Liu, Y.; Li, S.-W.; Tang, T.; Meng, Y.; Zhao, Z. Chin. J. Org. Chem. 2026, 46 1008-1016.
(d) Wang, X.; Zeng, W.; Li, S.-W.; Pian, J.; Zhao, Z. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2025, 23, 5527-5532.