Advances on Dimensional Structure Designs and Functional Applications of Aerogels

doi:10.6023/A20110531

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 79 ›› Issue (4): 430-442.DOI: 10.6023/A20110531 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

气凝胶维度结构设计与功能化应用的研究进展

王静^a^,^b, 王锦^a^,^b^,^*()

a 中国科学技术大学纳米技术与纳米仿生学院合肥 230026
b 中国科学院苏州纳米技术与纳米仿生研究所苏州 215123

投稿日期:2020-11-19 发布日期:2020-12-23
通讯作者: 王锦

作者简介:

王静, 女, 中国科学院苏州纳米所2020级硕士生. 研究方向为高分子基凝胶材料的维度设计与微环境调控应用研究.

王锦, 男, 研究员, 硕士生导师. 2012年获北京理工大学材料学博士学位, 2012年至2014年分别于日本东京工业大学和山形大学从事博士后研究, 2014年回国加入中国科学院苏州纳米所任副研究员. 主要研究方向为智能超分子水凝胶/气凝胶设计合成及其在生物、能源、环境(水净化与微环境调控)中的应用, 迄今发表学术论文46篇, 申请发明专利20余项(已授权9项), 主持国家自然科学基金3项、江苏省自然科学基金及苏州市科技局等项目近10项, 作为研究骨干参与国家重点研发计划、中国科学院重点部署专项等数10项.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(91963124); 国家自然科学基金(51773225)

Advances on Dimensional Structure Designs and Functional Applications of Aerogels

Jing Wang^a^,^b, Jin Wang^a^,^b^,^*()

a School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
b Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China

Received:2020-11-19 Published:2020-12-23
Contact: Jin Wang
About author:
* E-mail: jwang2014@sinano.ac.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(91963124); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51773225)

Aerogel is a kind of nanoporous materials with important scientific research significances and great engineering application values. Its preparation process involves basic scientific issues such as sol-gel chemical transformation, structure control, and interfacial tension elimination. Aerogels are ideal lightweight super thermal insulation materials due to their ultra-low density and ultra-low thermal conductivity, which are attractive properties for the applications in aerospace, transportation, and other applications with strict weight requirements. Thanks to the characteristics of high specific surface areas, high porosity, and continuous open pore structure, aerogels also have important potential applications in the fields of adsorption, catalysis, drug carrier, energy and environmental remediation. Recent years, great research interests in aerogels have gained from both academic and industrial fields. This review gives a brief overview of the relevant literatures and intellectual property rights since the first report of aerogels, and systematically summarizes the preparation methods of aerogels, types of aerogels, dimensional structure designs, and novel applications of aerogels developed in the past five years. For example, supramolecular aerogels, stimuli-responsive aerogels, aerogel fibers, additive manufacturing of aerogels have subverted traditional materials to a certain extent and broke through the limitations of traditional preparation methods. Finally, a brief summary of aerogels in recent years and prospect for the development of aerogels in the future are made.

Key words: aerogel, drying method, dimensional structure design, aerogel fiber, additive manufacturing

Cite this article

Jing Wang, Jin Wang. Advances on Dimensional Structure Designs and Functional Applications of Aerogels[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(4): 430-442.

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Fig. & Tab. 17

Figure 1. Photo images of silica aerogel under back light (a) and front light (b)

Figure 2. Number of papers and patents under the name of aerogels, data collected from web of science

Figure 6. Superhydrophobic modification and ambient pressure drying

	超临界干燥	冷冻干燥	常压干燥
时间	1931年首次发明	1970年初次、2010年广泛使用	20世纪八九十年代
原理	无气-液界面及毛细管力, 不会引起凝胶体的收缩和结构的破坏	冰升华	回弹效应
优势	产物具有较高强度、高比表面积^[5]、孔结构完整^[59]、适用范围最广	冰晶效应诱导气凝胶的高弹压缩性^[5]	能耗低、操作简单、生产周期短、工艺成熟、安全方便经济
劣势	耗能高、成本高, 时间长^[59]	设备投资大, 能源消耗成本高	孔径过大、几乎无比表面积、不适用于亲水性

Table 1. Comparison of drying methods

常规方法	关键环节	缺点
乳液法	借助乳化剂, 利用油水相分离	制备过程存在较强剪切力, 多用于制备湿凝胶力学强度好的微球
喷雾法	静电/超声喷雾设备+接收装备	微液滴尺寸分散性较差, 直接喷射会影响微球的成形度
注射法	常用注射器等对溶液推挤	微球尺寸一般较大, 制备效率低下

Table 2. Comparison of preparation methods of precursor microdroplets

Figure 15. PE aerogel temperature regulation and refrigeration principle

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气凝胶维度结构设计与功能化应用的研究进展

Advances on Dimensional Structure Designs and Functional Applications of Aerogels

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