白光及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池降解机制差异

doi:10.6023/A20100476

化学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 79 ›› Issue (3): 344-352.DOI: 10.6023/A20100476 上一篇下一篇

研究论文

白光及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池降解机制差异

卢岳^a^,^b, 葛杨^a^,^b, 隋曼龄^a^,^b^,^*()

a 北京工业大学材料与制造学部固体微结构与性能研究所北京 100124
b 北京工业大学固体微结构与性能北京市重点实验室北京 100124

投稿日期:2020-10-15 发布日期:2020-12-24
通讯作者: 隋曼龄
作者简介:
* E-mail: mlsui@bjut.edu.cn; Tel.: +86-10-67396644
基金资助:
项目受国家重点研究发展计划(2016YFB0700700); 国家自然科学基金(11704015); 国家自然科学基金(51621003); 国家自然科学基金(12074016); 北京市教委科研一般项目(KM202110005003); 北京市教师队伍建设创新团队项目(IDHT20190503)

Different Degradation Mechanism of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Illumination

Yue Lu^a^,^b, Yang Ge^a^,^b, Manling Sui^a^,^b^,^*()

a Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124
b Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Properties of Solids, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124

Received:2020-10-15 Published:2020-12-24
Contact: Manling Sui
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFB0700700); National Natural Science Foundation of China(11704015); National Natural Science Foundation of China(51621003); National Natural Science Foundation of China(12074016); General Program of Science and Technology Development Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(KM202110005003); Beijing Innovation Team Building Program, China(IDHT20190503)

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摘要/Abstract

本工作实验对比了可见光以及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅(CH₃NH₃PbI₃即MAPbI₃)基钙钛矿太阳能电池器件性能及微结构演变特征差异. 结果表明可见光辐照下钙钛矿太阳能电池器件中MAPbI₃层发生降解的同时, 伴随着Au元素从金属电极一侧向MAPbI₃和电子传输层SnO₂的界面处迁移现象. 但相较于紫外光, 可见光辐照下器件中Au元素的迁移速率慢30倍左右. 这是由于器件电子传输层SnO₂具有较低的价带顶位置(–8.4 eV), 它吸收紫外光激发出强氧化性的空穴h⁺, 氧化碘离子I^–生成I原子. 而I原子会对金属电极层产生较大的破坏作用, 促进Au⁺离子的形成. 因此可见光辐照下, 尽管器件开路电压V_oc一直保持较高的数值, 但是Au元素的迁移以及钙钛矿层的分解, 会引起短路电流密度J_sc的快速降低. 本文为钙钛矿太阳能电池光照不稳定性的机理解释, 提供了全新的理论依据.

关键词: 钙钛矿太阳能电池, 光辐照, 迁移动力学, 电子显微学, 光降解

In recent years, the photoelectronic conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cell (PSC) devices has been improved greatly. However, these devices are not very stable, and it is hard to avoid the effect of visible or ultraviolet (UV) light on the performance decay of the organic-inorganic halide perovskite devices, and there is rare report on the evolution process of the microstructure of PSCs under the light illumination, let along discussing on the different degradation mechanism of PSCs between the UV and visible light soaking. To address these scientific issues, in this study, we compared the performance evolution of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ (MAPbI₃) based PSCs during the UV and visible light irradiation. The experimental results show that the perovskite layer has been photodegraded from MAPbI₃into an amorphous phase under the white light LED soaking. Meanwhile, the migration of Au element from the electrode into the interface between MAPbI₃ and SnO₂ layers can also be captured. As comparing the kinetics of redox reaction of Au, we found that the formation rate of Au nanoparticle mass in PSCs under UV light irradiation is almost 30 times higher than that under visible light illumination. Considering on the different characteristics of microstructure evolution in PSCs under the UV and visible light irradiation, and theoretically analyzing the energy level of each functional layers in the device, the results confirm that UV light is easy to be adsorbed by electron transportation layer (ETL) of SnO₂ to excite the electron-hole pairs, while the photo-excited holes have a low energy level of –8.4 eV, which could oxidize the iodide ions (I ^–) into atomic iodine (I atom). The I atoms would diffuse into the spiro-OMeTAD layer and metal electrode interface. Due to its strong oxidation property, the I atom would not only destroy the spiro-OMeTAD layer, but also oxidize the Au metal electrode into AuI, which accelerated the generation of Au⁺. However, under the illumination of visible light, it is hard to excite the electron-hole pairs in SnO₂, which prevents the damage on the functional interfaces, and the transportation energy barrier is unchanged. So, the open circuit voltage (V_oc) has a long-term photo-stability. However, the short-circuit current density (J_sc) decreased rapidly under visible light illumination, which is mostly ascribed to the changes of charge mobility resulting from the migration of Au element and photodecomposition of MAPbI₃ layer. All these results give a new insight to understand the photo-instability of PSC.

Key words: perovskite solar cell, light illumination, migration dynamics, electron microscopy, photo-degradation

引用此文

卢岳, 葛杨, 隋曼龄. 白光及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池降解机制差异[J]. 化学学报, 2021, 79(3): 344-352.

Yue Lu, Yang Ge, Manling Sui. Different Degradation Mechanism of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Illumination[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(3): 344-352.

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图/表 6

图1. 实验对比100 mW/cm2紫外光(红色曲线)以及白光(黑色曲线)辐照下MAPbI3基钙钛矿太阳能电池光电性能参数随光照时间的变化规律: (a) 归一化的光电转换效率PCE; (b) 归一化的开路电压Voc; (c) 归一化的短路电流密度Jsc; (d) 归一化的填充因子FF. 以上性能参数, 均进行了归一化处理, 即用电池实时性能除以其初始性能.

Figure 1. Comparison of the optoelectronic performance of perovskite solar cells under 100 mW/cm2 light illumination of ultraviolet (UV) (red curve) and visible light (black curve): (a) Normalized photoelectronic conversion efficiency (PCE); (b) Normalized open circuit voltage (Voc); (c) Normalized short-circuit current density (Jsc); (d) Normalized fill factor (FF). Parameters of the optoelectronic performance have been normalized, which are acquired to use the real-time performance dividing the initial data.

图2. 实验对比紫外光辐照20 h (a, b)[23]以及白光辐照120 h (c, d)后钙钛矿太阳能电池器件的截面样品的HAADF形貌特征以及EDS元素线扫数据.

Figure 2. Comparison for the HAADF images and EDS mapping of the cross section samples of PSCs after UV (a, b)[23] and white light (c, d) illumination for 20 and 120 h, respectively.

图3. 白光LED辐照不同时间(0, 45和120 h)后钙钛矿太阳能电池器件微结构演变特征: (a, c, e) 电池器件表面金电极形貌演变特征的SEM照片; (b, d, f) 不同光照时间处理时电池截面的HAADF图像.

Figure 3. The microstructural evolution of the perovskite solar cell (PSC) after white LED light illuminating for different times (0, 45 and 120 h): (a, c, e) SEM image of the surface morphological evolution of Au electrodes; (b, d, f) HAADF images of cross-sectional samples of PSCs during light illuminating for different times.

图4. 白光LED辐照处理钙钛矿太阳能电池0, 45, 120 h后器件截面样品中元素分布变化情况. 左侧为HAADF图, 右侧Pb, I, Sn和Au元素分布能谱EDS图.

Figure 4. Evolution of the elementary distribution in the cross-section samples of PSC devices after white light soaking for 0, 45, 120 h, respectively. The left picture is the high angle annular dark-field image (HAADF), while the right images are the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping of Pb, I, Sn and Au elements.

图5. 白光LED辐照120 h后, MAPbI3基钙钛矿太阳能电池器件截面样品的HAADF图像以及1~4不同区域对应的纳米束衍射NBD标定.

Figure 5. HAADF image of cross-section sample of PSC after light illumination for 120 h and its corresponding nano-beam diffraction (NBD) characterizations at different areas 1~4.

图6. (a)紫外光以及白光LED辐照下MAPbI3基钙钛矿太阳能中MAPbI3-SnO2界面形成Au纳米颗粒的质量浓度; (b)电池器件内部各功能层能级位置图(相对于真空能级, 以上数字为负值).

Figure 6. (a) The Au nanoparticle mass concentration at the MAPbI3-SnO2 interface in MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells under the light illuminating of UV and white LED light; (b) the energy level of the functional layers in PSC devices, which is corresponding to the vacuum energy lever (the value should be negative).

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白光及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池降解机制差异

Different Degradation Mechanism of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Illumination

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白光及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池降解机制差异

Different Degradation Mechanism of CH3NH3PbI3 Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Illumination

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Different Degradation Mechanism of CH₃NH₃PbI₃ Based Perovskite Solar Cells under Ultraviolet and Visible Light Illumination