Current Advances of Solid Acid Catalysts

doi:10.6023/A24090289

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 83 ›› Issue (2): 152-169.DOI: 10.6023/A24090289 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

固体酸催化剂的研究进展

张宇^a^,^b, 张睿^a^,^b, 王子健^a^,^b, 汪啸^a^,^b^,^*(), 宋术岩^a^,^b^,^*(), 张洪杰^a^,^b^,^c

a 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所稀土资源利用国家重点实验室长春 130022
b 中国科学技术大学应用化学与工程学院合肥 230026
c 清华大学化学系北京 100084

投稿日期:2024-09-24 发布日期:2024-11-12

作者简介:

张宇, 男, 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所2024级硕士研究生, 研究方向为稀土基催化纳米材料在非均相催化反应中的应用.

张睿, 男, 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所2022级博士研究生, 研究方向为稀土基催化纳米材料在非均相催化反应中的应用.

汪啸, 男, 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所研究员. 2008年毕业于吉林大学化学系, 获理学学士学位. 随后, 他加入了中国科学院长春应用化学研究所张洪杰研究员的课题组, 并于2013年获得无机化学博士学位. 主要从事制备用于异相催化反应和能源相关应用的功能无机材料.

宋术岩, 男, 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所研究员. 2003年毕业于东北师范大学化学系, 获理学学士学位; 2006年毕业于东北师范大学无机化学系, 获理学硕士学位. 他加入了中国科学院长春应用化学研究所张洪杰教授的研究组, 并于 2009年获得无机化学博士学位. 主要从事开发用于异相催化、质子传导、化学传感和检测的多孔功能材料.

张洪杰, 男, 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所研究员. 于1978年获得北京大学理学学士学位. 之后, 他在长春应用化学研究所担任研究助理, 并于1985年获得无机化学硕士学位, 并在该研究所担任助教至1989年. 之后, 他在波尔多第一大学、法国国家科学研究中心固体化学实验室学习, 并于1993年获得固体化学和材料科学博士学位. 1994年, 他加入中国科学院长春应用化学研究所, 担任研究员. 他目前的研究方向主要集中在镧系元素功能纳米材料方面.

基金资助:
国家科技重大专项基金(2022YFB350400); 国家自然科学基金(22020102003); 国家自然科学基金(22025506); 国家自然科学基金(22271274); 国家自然科学基金(U23A20140); 吉林省科技发展计划项目(20230101022JC)

Current Advances of Solid Acid Catalysts

Yu Zhang^a^,^b, Rui Zhang^a^,^b, Zijian Wang^a^,^b, Xiao Wang^a^,^b(), Shuyan Song^a^,^b(), Hongjie Zhang^a^,^b^,^c

a State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022
b School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026
c Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084

Received:2024-09-24 Published:2024-11-12
Contact: * wangxiao@ciac.ac.cn; songsy@ciac.ac.cn
About author:
^† These authors contributed equally to this work
Supported by:
National Science and Technology Major Project of China(2022YFB350400); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22020102003); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22025506); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22271274); National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20140); Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project(20230101022JC)

With the increasing awareness of environmental protection and the in-depth implementation of sustainable development strategies, the commonly used liquid acid catalysts in traditional chemical production processes are facing the pressure of elimination or substitution due to their high corrosiveness, difficulty in recycling and potential environmental impact. Solid acids, renowned for their straightforward preparation, minimal ecological footprint, and exceptional catalytic prowess, have become the focus of scientific research and industrial attention. Currently, solid acid catalysts have been proven to be efficient in catalyzing diverse chemical reactions such as alkylation, isomerization, and esterification reactions. Nevertheless, their extensive industrial adoption is significantly hindered by the challenges of suboptimal stability and limited reusability. Developing advanced solid acid catalysts with high activity and stability is of great value and significance in both theoretical research and experimental exploration. A significant amount of notable fundamental research has been devoted to overcoming these limitations, and this review summarizes the scientific and technological work dedicated to preparing efficient solid acid catalysts. At the same time, we highlight the importance of rare earth elements for modification of solid acid catalysts due to their unique multi-electronic bonding and coordinated variability nature, which can have a positive effect on the structural evolution of acid catalysts, thereby improving the activity and stability of solid acid catalysts. This review initially presents concept, classification, synthesis methods and characterization of commonly used solid acid catalysts. Beyond that, we introduce the represented research progress of rare earth elements modified solid acid catalysts. The main emphasis of this review is investigating the contribution of acid properties to the catalytic performance (e.g., acid strength, acid content, type of acid sites, etc.), rather than the traditional physical and chemical properties (e.g., specific surface area, crystalline structure, morphology, etc.). Finally, we present the challenges of the existing catalytic systems and prospects of this field.

Key words: solid acid, catalyst, synthesis, characterization, rare earth

Cite this article

Yu Zhang, Rui Zhang, Zijian Wang, Xiao Wang, Shuyan Song, Hongjie Zhang. Current Advances of Solid Acid Catalysts[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2025, 83(2): 152-169.

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Fig. & Tab. 12

Figure 1. Schematic structure of two acidic sites of SO42?/MxOy type solid acid

Acid type	Example
Oxide	Simple: SiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, etc.
Oxide	Composite: SiO₂-Al₂O₃, MoO₃-SiO₂, etc.
Sulfide	ZnS, CdS, etc.
Molecular sieve	Zeolite: X zeolite, Y zeolite, ZSM-5 zeolite, etc.
Molecular sieve	Non zeolitic molecular sieve: SAPO series, AlPO series, etc.
Metal salt	Phosphates: FePO₄, AlPO₄, etc.
Metal salt	Sulfate: CuSO₄, FeSO₄, etc.
Heteropoly acid	H₃PW₁₂O₄₀, H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀, etc.
Natural clay mine	Kaolin, bentonite, activated white clay, montmorillonite, etc.
Solid superacid	SO₄²⁻/ZrO₂, WO₃/ZrO₂, MoO₃/ZrO₂, etc.
Supported catalyst	H₃PO₄/diatomite, BF₃/Al₂O₃, etc.
Cation exchange resin	Nafion-H, etc.

Table 1. Classification of solid acid

Figure 2. (a) Schematic illustration of acetalization/ketalization over WOx/TiO2-ZrO2 catalyst[41]. (b) XRD patterns of ZrO2, TiO2-ZrO2, and WOx/TiO2-ZrO2 catalysts[41]. (c) Pyridine IR spectra of ZrO2, TiO2-ZrO2, and WOx/TiO2-ZrO2 catalysts[41]. (d) XRD patterns of HMOR-N and HMOR-C catalysts[51]. (e) The effect of HPW loadings of HPW/MCM-41 for esterification of lauric acid[53]. (f) Effect of reaction time for the esterification of lauric acid over 30%HPW/MCM-41 catalyst[53]. (g) Reusability test of 30%HPW/MCM-41 catalyst[53]. (h) N2 adsorption isotherms of H3PW12O40/SiO2 catalyst calcined under different temperatures[57]

Figure 3. (a) XRD patterns of the Al2O3-ZrO2-TiO2 samples at different calcination temperatures[66]. (b) The enlargement of the anatase (101) diffraction peaks of Al2O3-ZrO2-TiO2 catalysts at different calcination temperatures[66]. (c) XRD pattern of Ni-AlPO4[75]. (d) XRD pattern of Mn-AlPO4[75]

Figure 4. (a) NH3-TPD spectra of SAB-15, PW/SBA-15, SiW/SBA-15 and PMo/SBA-15 catalysts[77]. (b) Glycerol oxydehydration to acrylic acid over PW/SBA-15 catalyst[77]. (c) Schematic diagram for the synthesis of adipicdihydrazide over SO42?/ZrO2-TiO2 catalyst [78]. (d) The stability test of SO42?/ZrO2-TiO2 catalyst[78]. (e) The HPLC result of adipicdihydrazide[78]. (f) TGA curves of SO42?/ZrO2-TiO2 and ZrO2-TiO2[78]. (g) XRD patterns of SO42?/TiO2 at different calcination temperatures[79]. (h) NH3-TPD spectra of SO42?/TiO2 at different calcination temperatures[79]. (i) Effects of catalyst loading for the epoxidation of castor oil[79]

Indicator	Colour		pK_a
Indicator	Alkalinity	Acidity	pK_a
Methyl red	Yellow	Red	＋4.8
Crystal violet	Blue	Yellow	＋0.8
Anthraquinone	Colourless	Yellow	－8.2
p-nitrotoluene	Colourless	Yellow	－11.35
m-nitrotoluene	Colourless	Yellow	－11.99
p-nitrofluorobenzene	Colourless	Yellow	－12.44
p-nitrochlorobenzene	Colourless	Yellow	－12.70
m-nitrochlorobenzene	Colourless	Yellow	－13.16
2,4-dinitrotoluene	Colourless	Yellow	－13.75
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene	Colourless	Yellow	－14.52
1,3,5-trinitrotoluene	Colourless	Yellow	－16.04

Table 2. Commonly used Hammett indicators and corresponding pKa values

Figure 5. (a) NH3-TPD profiles of S/ZA, S/ZA-Kao(6∶4) and S/Kao[83]. (b) The stability test of S/ZA and S/ZA-Kao(6∶4) catalysts for esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol[83]. (c) The stability test of S/ZA and S/ZA-Kao(6∶4) catalysts for esterification of oleic acid with methanol[83]. (d) Reproducibility study of ZrO2, Al2O3 and 80ZA catalysts[84]. (e) XRD patterns of SO42?/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures[85]. (f) NH3-TPD profiles of fresh and reused SO42?/TiO2 catalyst for four times[85]

Figure 6. (a, b) Py-IR spectra of the representative catalysts desorbed at (a) 200 ℃ and (b) 450 ℃[86]. (c) XRD patterns of different samples [89]. (d) Ethylbenzene conversion over different samples[89]. (e) p-Xylene yield over different samples[89]

Figure 7. (a~c) 1H NMR spectra of (a) H-ZSM-5, (b) H-MOR, and (c) H-SSZ-13 catalysts[90]. (d~f) 1H NMR spectra of H-ZSM-5 with a series of Si/Al ratios of (d) 22, (e) 39, and (f) 74[90]

Figure 8. (a) Simplified mechanism of isobutane/2-butene alkylation[99]. (b) The 2-butene conversion curves over LaX and LaY catalysts[99]. (c) The influence of calcination atmospheres on the crystallinity, acidity, and alkylation stability of CeX zeolites[100]. (d, e) Isobutane/2-butene alkylation performance over CeX, LaX, CuCeX and CuLaX at (d) 6 h and (e) 18 h[101]

Figure 9. (a) XRD patterns of SZA, Ni-SZA, La-SZA and La-Ni-SZA catalysts[107]. (b) H2-TPR profiles of SZA, Ni-SZA, La-SZA and La-Ni-SZA catalysts[107]. (c) FTIR spectra of SZA, Ni-SZA, La-SZA and La-Ni-SZA catalysts[107]. (d) XRD patterns of different catalysts: (?) tetragonal ZrO2; (?) monoclinic ZrO2[108]. (e) Possible structure after introducing La and Ni into sulfated zirconia by different methods[108]

Figure 10. (a) Mechanism for influence of irradiation power on properties of SAPO-34 nanostructured catalysts[111]. (b) Influence of ultrasound irradiation power on green fuel production via esterification reaction over SAPO-34 catalysts[111]. (c) Influence of reaction time on esterification reaction over Ce/MSAPO-34 catalysts[111]. (d) The potential catalytic route over Pt/5Ce-HY[118]

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固体酸催化剂的研究进展

Current Advances of Solid Acid Catalysts

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