Research Progress on Strengthening and Toughening of Alumina Materials★

doi:10.6023/A25050161

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 83 ›› Issue (10): 1208-1222.DOI: 10.6023/A25050161 Previous Articles Next Articles

Review

氧化铝材料的强韧化研究进展^★

李彤^†, 李博^†, 张晗^†, 高名蕊^†, 钟铱涵, 郭恒阳, 汪少雄^*(), 刘少佳^*(), 赵赫威^*()

北京航空航天大学化学学院北京 100191

投稿日期:2025-05-11 发布日期:2025-07-21
通讯作者: 汪少雄, 刘少佳, 赵赫威

作者简介:

李彤, 现为北京航空航天大学2023级硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为类牙釉质结构Al₂O₃基复合材料.

李博, 2022年获得北京科技大学硕士学位. 现为北京航空航天大学2022级博士, 主要研究方向为纳米材料在生物应用领域的可控制备与组装.

张晗, 现为北京航空航天大学2023级硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为构型碳化硅复合材料的可控制备及其力学性能.

高名蕊, 2022年毕业于北京航空航天大学, 获化学硕士学位. 现为北京航空航天大学2022级博士, 主要研究方向为透明材料的可控制备及力学性能研究.

钟铱涵, 现为北京航空航天大学2024级硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为纳米材料的合成和组装.

郭恒阳, 现为北京航空航天大学2024级硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为轻质高强氧化铝陶瓷气凝胶.

汪少雄, 现为北京航空航天大学2020级博士生, 专业为纳米材料与技术, 主要研究微纳米陶瓷及其复合材料的可控制备、组装及其力学性能.

刘少佳, 2022年毕业于北京航空航天大学纳米材料与技术专业, 获博士学位. 现任北京航空航天大学博士后, 主要研究方向为纳米材料的可控制备与组装及应用探究.

赵赫威, 现任北京航空航天大学化学学院教授. 2011年和2017年分别获得北京航空航天大学学士和博士学位. 主要研究方向为轻质高强微纳米陶瓷基复合材料的可控制备及性能研究.

† 共同第一作者.

^★ “中国青年化学家”专辑.

基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(52222203); 国家自然科学基金(52494930); 国家自然科学基金(52303336); 国家自然科学基金(52450002); 国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0710403); 国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0710404); 北京市科学技术委员会(221100007422088); 中国博士后科学基金(BX20220372); 中国博士后科学基金(2023M730159)

Research Progress on Strengthening and Toughening of Alumina Materials^★

Tong Li, Bo Li, Han Zhang, Mingrui Gao, Yihan Zhong, Hengyang Guo, Shaoxiong Wang^*(), Shaojia Liu^*(), Hewei Zhao^*()

School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191

Received:2025-05-11 Published:2025-07-21
Contact: Shaoxiong Wang, Shaojia Liu, Hewei Zhao
About author:
† The authors contributed equally to this work.
^★ For the VSI “Rising Stars in Chemistry”.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52222203); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52494930); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52303336); National Natural Science Foundation of China(52450002); National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0710403); National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFA0710404); Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission(221100007422088); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20220372); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M730159)

Alumina (Al₂O₃) materials are widely utilized in aerospace, military, dental restoration, automobile manufacturing and electronic applications due to their high strength, hardness, and chemical stability. However, their inherent brittleness and low fracture toughness (typically below 4.5 MPa•m^1/2) limit their application in load-bearing components. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in strengthening and toughening strategies for Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-based composites, focusing on three key approaches: phase regulation, compositional optimization, and bioinspired micro-nano structural design. Phase regulation strategies, such as amorphous Al₂O₃ and crystal-amorphous dual phase structures, enhance toughness through shear band slip and uniform plastic deformation (e.g., amorphous Al₂O₃ layers achieve tensile strength of 4.8 GPa with 30% strain). Compositional optimization involves introducing secondary phases like oxides (e.g., ZrO₂, Y₂O₃) to refine grains and induce crack deflection (fracture toughness up to 9.38 MPa•m^1/2), carbon materials (e.g., graphene, SiC) for crack bridging and branching (40% toughness improvement), and metals (e.g., Cu, Ni) to enhance interfacial bonding and energy dissipation (energy density of 10 J•g^-1). Micro-nano structural designs inspired by natural nacre (“brick-mortar” architecture), 3D interlocking, and Bouligand structures achieve synergistic high strength and high toughness via multiscale crack deflection and bridging. Challenges remain in stabilizing amorphous phases, strengthening heterogeneous interfaces, and scaling up biomimetic pure ceramic architectures. Future directions emphasize pure ceramic composites with high-performance, interfacial engineering, and scalable fabrication of hierarchical structures to expand applications in extreme environments. This review provides critical insights and technical guidelines for developing next-generation high-performance Al₂O₃ and Al₂O₃-based composites.

Key words: Al₂O₃, high-strength, high-toughness, phase, component, micro-nano structure

Cite this article

Tong Li, Bo Li, Han Zhang, Mingrui Gao, Yihan Zhong, Hengyang Guo, Shaoxiong Wang, Shaojia Liu, Hewei Zhao. Research Progress on Strengthening and Toughening of Alumina Materials^★[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2025, 83(10): 1208-1222.

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Fig. & Tab. 18

Figure 1. The strengthening and toughening mechanism of Al2O3 materials[31-39]

Figure 2. Phase transformation processes of gibbsite, boehmite, bayerite and diaspore in the air. Among them, thermal transformation is indicated by black arrows, and non-thermal transformation is indicated by blue arrows[44]

氧化铝多晶型物	晶体结构	晶格常数
氧化铝多晶型物	晶体结构	a/nm	b/nm	c/nm	α(º)	β(º)	Г(º)
α-Al₂O₃	三方	0.475	0.475	1.290	90	90	120
γ-Al₂O₃	立方	0.792	0.792	0.792	90	90	90
δ-Al₂O₃	四方	0.502	0.502	0.986	90	90	90
θ-Al₂O₃	单斜	1.180	0.475	0.562	90	103	90
ι-Al₂O₃	正交	0.773	0.761	0.292	90	90	90
κ-Al₂O₃	正交	0.370	1.220	0.286	90	90	90
σ-Al₂O₃	立方	0.794	0.794	0.794	90	90	90

Table 1. The crystal structure and lattice constants of Al2O3[43]

Figure 3. Crystal structure of amorphous Al2O3[31]

Figure 4. Crystal structure of γ-Al2O3[53]

α-Al₂O₃性质	密度/(g•cm^-3)	抗弯强度/MPa	抗压强度/MPa	弹性模量/GPa	维氏硬度/GPa	断裂韧性/(MPa•m^1/2)
数值	3.99	300~480	280~350	366~410	19~25	2.7~4.5

Table 2. Main properties of α-Al2O3

Figure 5. Crystal structure of α-Al2O3[43]

Figure 6. (a) Tensile stress versus strain. Inset I shows the length of a stand-alone tensile sample at the beginning of elastic contact (strain 0.0), and Inset II shows the length of a tensile sample after it breaks from the bottom (scale bar, 500 nm); (b) shear-compression stress versus strain, and the inset shows the sample deformed after the test (scale bar, 100 nm)[58]

Figure 7. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramics; (b, c) SEM photographs of crack propagation path of the Al2O3-ZrO2 ceramic; (d) fracture toughness, flexural strength and Vicker’s hardness of sintered ceramics with different solids loading[72]

Figure 8. (a, b) Diagram of different styles of indentation crack extends and coordination situation in different entropy, and the crack 1 and crack 2 are corresponded to low entropy and high entropy, respectively; (c) fracture toughness (KIC) versus Young’s modulus (E) for as-synthesized high-entropy glasses together with some commercial oxide glasses and high fracture toughness oxide glasses[33]

Figure 9. (a) Schematic production of the Cu@Al2O3 filaments; (b) Illustration of forming stable Cu—O—Al bonds by using the interface lattice matching strategy; (c) the relationship curves between actuation strains and temperatures under different loads[35]

Figure 10. (a, b) Deposition and TEM characterization of Al2O3/Al NLs; (c) measurement of fracture toughness of Al2O3/Al NLs by cracking test; (d) plot of yield strength (σy) as a function of fracture toughness (KIC) for monolayer and multilayer films[83]

Figure 11. (a) Schematic diagram of synthesis of Al2O3/PMMA lamellar composites; (b) SEM image of Al2O3/PMMA lamellar composites; (c) SEM image of Al2O3/PMMA lamellar composites after sintering; (d) Flexural stress-strain curves of Al2O3/PMMA composites and natural pearl layers; (e) fracture toughness of Al2O3/PMMA composites, materials with lamellar structure and fracture toughness of natural pearl layers; (f, g) toughening mechanism of Al2O3/PMMA composites. Scale bar: 100 μm (Figures b and c), 2 μm (Figure f and the inset in (g), 10 μm (Figure g)[90]

Figure 12. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of nacre-inspired Al2O3 composite ceramics; (b) fracture toughness of nacre-inspired Al2O3 composite ceramics and nacre calculated from the J-integral and crack extension Δa; (c) fracture surface of the nacre-inspired Al2O3 composite ceramics; (d) multiple cracks at the end of the crack path and crack bridging. Arrows indicate the onset of crack branching and bridging; (e) flexural strengths of three different samples; (f) comparison of crack initiation toughness (KIC) and stable crack extension toughness (KJC) of nacre-inspired Al2O3 composite ceramics and a reference alumina at room temperature (25 ℃) and high temperature (600 ℃)[9]

Figure 13. (a) Synthesis process of GO-AA-SCMC ternary artificial pearls; (b) sketch of the ternary artificial nacre’s fracture process (front and side view); (c) tensile strength and toughness for nacre, GO/rGO-based binary artificial nacre[36]

Figure 14. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process and hierarchical architecture of the conch-shell-inspired composite; (b) the results of the single-edge notched beam tests of three composites. Schematic illustrations of different architectures, the optical images of crack propagation, SEM images indicating the relationship between the microstructure and the crack deflection, and the fracture behavior obtained from FEM. (c) R-curve analysis to characterize the fracture toughness (KJC) associated with the crack extension (Δa); (d) Ashby diagram of flexural strength versus work of fracture, demonstrating the mechanical properties of our bulk bioinspired composites, natural nacre, conch shell, and epoxy resin. (e) Ashby diagram of specific strength versus normalized specific energy absorption, comparing the bulk bioinspired composites with nacre and other engineering materials[37]

Figure 15. (a~e) Schematic diagram of the formation process of the 3D IL skeleton; (f) SEM image of Al2O3/CE composite with 3D IL structure; (g) a summary of specific strength and density including Al2O3/CE composite, ceramic/polymer, ceramic/metal, ceramic/graphene, ceramic/carbon nanotube, and typical polymer-based lightweight composites; (h) SEM image of crack propagation[38]

Figure 16. (a) Schematic illustration of the manufacturing process of the biomimetic GB composites; (b) schematic illustration showing the alignment of alumina nanoplatelets induced by shear force during the filament extrusion process; (c) schematic of GB ceramic skeleton showing gradient and helical features and corresponding composite showing twisted crack extension under impact loading; (d) typical bending stress-strain curves of kaolin ceramic and kaolin-alumina [40% (w)] ceramics with disordered and aligned alumina nanoplatelets; (e) comparison of impact resistance of the kaolin-alumina [40% (w)] based composites with various structures and polymers; (f) cross sectional observation of detailed crack paths in the biomimetic GB composite samples after puncture by optical microscope[39]

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氧化铝材料的强韧化研究进展^★

Research Progress on Strengthening and Toughening of Alumina Materials^★

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氧化铝材料的强韧化研究进展★

Research Progress on Strengthening and Toughening of Alumina Materials★

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Abstract

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Fig. & Tab. 18

References 94

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氧化铝材料的强韧化研究进展^★

Research Progress on Strengthening and Toughening of Alumina Materials^★