Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights★

doi:10.6023/A26010037

Acta Chimica Sinica ›› 2026, Vol. 84 ›› Issue (5): 775-804.DOI: 10.6023/A26010037 Previous Articles

Review

基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究^★

何乾龙, 胡洁颖, 钟礼匡^*(), 何军^*()

广东工业大学轻工化工学院广州 510006 广东省中国

投稿日期:2026-01-31 发布日期:2026-04-03
通讯作者: 钟礼匡, 何军
作者简介:
★“框架材料化学”专辑
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22371054); 国家自然科学基金(22301045); 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024A1515012801); 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2024B1515120009); 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240311)

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★

Qianlong He, Jieying Hu, Lai-Hon Chung^*(), Jun He^*()

School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China

Received:2026-01-31 Published:2026-04-03
Contact: Lai-Hon Chung, Jun He

About author:

Qianlong He is now pursuing a master's study under the supervision of Prof. Jun He at Guangdong University of Technology. His research interests focus on MOF-based catalysts for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction.

Jieying Hu received her PhD in Chemical Engineering and Technology from Guangdong University of Technology in 2023 under the supervision of Prof. Jun He. She is currently a Postdoctoral Researcher at Guangdong University of Technology, in ongoing collaboration with Prof. Jun He, working on the design and synthesis of sulfur- and alkyne-enriched porous organic frameworks and on their applications.

Lai-Hon Chung is an Associate Professor at the School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology. He received his bachelor’s degree from City University of Hong Kong in 2010 and his PhD in 2015 under the supervision of Professor Chun-Yuen Wong. His early research focused on organometallic chemistry, particularly transition-metal-mediated alkyne cyclization and functionalization mechanisms, as well as exploration of metalated heterocycles. He joined Guangdong University of Technology in 2019 and was promoted to Associate Professor in 2025. He has published over 70 SCI-indexed papers and co-authored two book chapters. His current research interests focus on metallolinker-based crystalline frameworks for sustainable catalysis.

Jun He is currently a Professor, PhD supervisor, and Vice Dean of the School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering at Guangdong University of Technology. He has been selected as a Distinguished Professor under the Pearl River Scholars Program of Guangdong Province, a recipient of Guangdong Provincial Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and a Top Young Talent of the Guangdong Special Support Program (the “Hundred-Thousand-Ten Thousand” Young Talent Project). His research focuses on the design and synthesis of sulfur-enriched metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as well as their applications in energy catalysis and conversion. He has published nearly 150 SCI-indexed papers in leading journals, including JACS, Angew. Chem., Nat. Commun., CCS Chem., and holds over 20 granted invention patents. He has served as principal investigator for multiple projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (4 grants), Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province (15 grants) and industries (>10 grants).

★ For the VSI “Chemistry of Framework Materials”.

Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22371054); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22301045); Foundation of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province(2024A1515012801); Foundation of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province(2024B1515120009); Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20240311)

With the continuous development of agriculture and industry, nitrate (NO₃⁻) pollution in water bodies worldwide remains a serious issue, characterized by decentralized distribution across multiple sites. The electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (eNO₃RR) technology enables the reduction of NO₃⁻ waste into ammonia (NH₃)—a substance useful to humans—under ambient temperature and pressure. However, under near-neutral pH conditions that mimic actual aquatic environments, eNO₃RR faces multiple bottlenecks, including limited proton supply, competition from hydrogen evolution side reactions, risks of nitrite (NO₂⁻) accumulation, and insufficient catalyst lifespan. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials, which have attracted significant attention recently, hold tremendous potential. Their tunable porous structures and well-defined active sites are conducive to improving NO₃⁻ reduction efficiency and selectivity. Remarkable progress has been made in this field: advanced MOF-based materials have achieved an NH₃ Faraday efficiency (FE) of nearly 99%, suppressed NO₂⁻ accumulation, and pushed the NH₃ yield to >23000 μg•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹. By constructing conductive composite structures and employing derivatization strategies, MOF-based materials can maintain a FE of >90% and remain stable for over 10 h at industrial-level current densities (>950 mA•cm^-²). This review focuses on MOF-based electrocatalysts and systematically analyzes the mechanism of neutral eNO₃RR. Leveraging the atomic-level designability of MOFs, strategies such as single-atom/cluster regulation, multi-metal synergy, conductive composites, and derivatization can precisely overcome the bottlenecks of proton supply, hydrogen evolution competition, and stability in neutral eNO₃RR, enabling efficient conversion of pollutants to NH₃. Nevertheless, several challenges remain before this goal is fully achieved: the dynamic identification of active centers during catalysis is not sufficiently clear and accurate, long-term stability in real water bodies needs verification, and issues such as large-scale synthesis urgently require solutions.

Key words: metal-organic framework (MOF), MOF derivatives, electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction, ammonia synthesis, neutral conditions

Cite this article

Qianlong He, Jieying Hu, Lai-Hon Chung, Jun He. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(5): 775-804.

Export EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

share this article

Fig. & Tab. 13

References 217

[1]	Battye, W.; Aneja, V. P.; Schlesinger, W. H. Earth’s Future 2017, 5, 894. doi: 10.1002/eft2.2017.5.issue-9
[2]	Rosca, V.; Duca, M.; de Groot, M. T.; Koper, M. T. M. Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 2209. doi: 10.1021/cr8003696
[3]	Guo, W. H.; Zhang, K. X.; Liang, Z. B.; Zou, R. Q.; Xu, Q. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2019, 48, 5658. doi: 10.1039/C9CS00159J
[4]	Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, P.; Bi, Z. L.; Shan, Z. X.; Ren, L. J. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 770, 144674. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144674
[5]	Ren, T. L.; Sheng, Y. W.; Wang, M. Z.; Ren, K. L.; Wang, L. L.; Xu, Y. Chin. J. Struct. Chem. 2022, 41, 2212089.
[6]	Hundey, E. J.; Russell, S. D.; Longstaffe, F. J.; Moser, K. A. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10571 doi: 10.1038/ncomms10571 pmid: 26853267
[7]	Chen, Y.; Zhao, Z. H.; Wang, F.; Ye, C.; Zhang, M. L.; Li, C. H.; Wang, Y. H. Sci. Total Environ. 2025, 1001, 180473. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180473
[8]	Gutiérrez, M.; Biagioni, R. N.; Alarcón-Herrera, M. T.; Rivas-Lucero, B. A. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 624, 1513. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.252
[9]	Shen, H. D.; Choi, C.; Masa, J.; Li, X.; Qiu, J. S.; Jung, Y.; Sun, Z. Y. Chem 2021, 7, 1708. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.01.009
[10]	Kou, Z. H.; Shi, D.; Yang, B.; Li, Z. J.; Zhang, Q. H.; Lu, J. G.; Zhang, T.; Lei, L. C.; Li, Y. Y.; Dai, L. M.; et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2025, 54, 10796. doi: 10.1039/D5CS00969C
[11]	Ghavam, S.; Vahdati, M.; Wilson, I. A. G.; Styring, P. Front. Energy Res. 2021, 9, 13462.
[12]	Liu, H. H.; Zhou, Z. J.; Chen, G. F.; Ding, L. X. ChemCatChem 2024, 16, e202301253. doi: 10.1002/cctc.v16.5
[13]	Wu, T. T.; Fan, W. J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, F. X. Mater. Today Phys. 2021, 16, 100310.
[14]	Tan, H. T.; Tian, Y. R.; Peng, W.; Liu, X. Q.; Wang, L. Q.; Peng, Y. J.; Wang, C.; Liang, J.; Yan, X. Adv. Sustainable Syst. 2025, 9, 2400934. doi: 10.1002/adsu.v9.11
[15]	Burrows, L.; Bollas, G. M. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2022, 61, 16081.
[16]	Wang, Y. T.; Wang, C. H.; Li, M. Y.; Yu, Y. F.; Zhang, B. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021, 50, 6720. doi: 10.1039/D1CS00116G
[17]	Yan, A.; Feng, Y. Z.; Zhang, X.; Sun, J. Y.; Wei, J. J.; Shi, C. Q.; Xia, L.; Wang, S. Q.; Zhang, H. P.; Guo, Y. Small 2025, 21, e06256. doi: 10.1002/smll.v21.39
[18]	Deng, Z. Q.; Liang, J.; Liu, Q.; Ma, C. Q.; Xie, L. S.; Yue, L. C.; Ren, Y. C.; Li, T. S.; Luo, Y. S.; Li, N.; et al. Chem. Eng. J. 2022, 435, 135104. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.135104
[19]	Liu, C. L.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, W.; Gu, Z. A.; Zhu, G. B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2023, 120, e2209979120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2209979120
[20]	Lu, W. G.; Wei, Z. W.; Gu, Z. Y.; Liu, T. F.; Park, J.; Park, J.; Tian, J.; Zhang, M. W.; Zhang, Q.; Gentle, T.; et al. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 5561. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00003J
[21]	Czaja, A. U.; Trukhan, N.; Müller, U. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 1284. doi: 10.1039/b804680h
[22]	Wang, Z. Q.; Cohen, S. M. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2009, 38, 1315. doi: 10.1039/b802258p
[23]	Schneemann, A.; Bon, V.; Schwedler, I.; Senkovska, I.; Kaskel, S.; Fischer, R. A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 6062. doi: 10.1039/c4cs00101j pmid: 24875583
[24]	Shi, Q.; Liu, B.; Li, J.; Wang, X. P.; Wang, L. Y. Chem. Asian. J. 2021, 16, 3544. doi: 10.1002/asia.v16.22
[25]	Meng, F. F.; Yao, X. H.; He, J. T.; Gu, J. X.; Li, W.; Sun, C. Y.; Wang, X. L.; Su, Z. M. ChemSusChem 2025, 18, e202402120. doi: 10.1002/cssc.v18.8
[26]	Chen, Z. M.; Li, X. L.; Yang, C. Q.; Cheng, K. P.; Tan, T. W.; Lv, Y. Q.; Liu, Y. Adv. Sci. 2021, 8, 2101883. doi: 10.1002/advs.v8.20
[27]	Li, X. J.; Ma, W.; Li, H. M.; Zhang, Q. H.; Liu, H. W. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2020, 408, 213191. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213191
[54]	Wang, Y.; Qu, J. H. Water Environ. Res. 2006, 78, 724. doi: 10.2175/106143006X110665
[55]	Huang, X. H.; Liu, Z. Y.; Yang, H. Y.; Ding, T.; Zhang, Z. H.; Yue, D. T.; Shi, G. S. J. Power Sources 2025, 640, 236748. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236748
[56]	Liao, W. R.; Wang, J.; Ni, G. H.; Liu, K.; Liu, C. X.; Chen, S. Y.; Wang, Q. Y.; Chen, Y. K.; Luo, T.; Wang, X. Q.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 1264. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-45534-2
[57]	Zhao, T.; Chen, Y.; Wang, K.; Ho, S. H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2026, 60, 7605. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.5c14726
[58]	Han, S. H.; Li, H. J.; Li, T. L.; Chen, F. P.; Yang, R.; Yu, Y. F.; Zhang, B. Nat. Catal. 2023, 6, 402. doi: 10.1038/s41929-023-00951-2
[59]	Zhu, Y. H.; Li, Y. F.; Tian, Y. H.; Johannessen, B.; Ramkissoon, P.; Chang, Q. X.; Zhang, A.; Zhang, S. Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e17715. doi: 10.1002/anie.v65.1
[60]	Liao, X. B.; Lu, R. H.; Xia, L. X.; Liu, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhao, R. T.; Wang, Z. Y.; Zhao, Y. Energy Environ. Mater. 2022, 5, 157. doi: 10.1002/eem2.v5.1
[61]	Hu, T.; Wang, C. H.; Wang, M. T.; Li, C. M.; Guo, C. X. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 14417. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03666
[62]	Xiong, J. C.; Dong, M. R.; Huang, Z. H.; Liu, H. C.; Hou, H. M.; Liang, Y. C.; Lu, J. D. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2025, 105, 1153. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.01.342
[63]	Liu, J. X.; Richards, D.; Singh, N.; Goldsmith, B. R. ACS Catal. 2019, 9, 7052. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02179
[64]	Karamad, M.; Goncalves, T. J.; Jimenez-Villegas, S.; Gates, I. D.; Siahrostami, S. Faraday Discuss. 2023, 243, 502. doi: 10.1039/D2FD00145D
[65]	Wu, C.; Shen, Y. Q.; Lv, L. L.; Meng, X. H.; Yang, X.; Wang, X. Y.; Jiang, X. Q.; Ai, Q.; Shuai, Y.; Zhou, Z. X. J. Mater. Chem. A 2025, 13, 6631. doi: 10.1039/D4TA08757G
[66]	Priyadarsini, A.; Kattel, S. J. Phys. Chem. C 2025, 129, 16569. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5c02461
[67]	Pandiyan, K.; Chen, H. T. J. Mater. Chem. A 2026, 14, 1245. doi: 10.1039/D5TA07089A
[68]	Peterson, A. A.; Abild-Pedersen, F.; Studt, F.; Rossmeisl, J.; Norskov, J. K. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3, 1311. doi: 10.1039/c0ee00071j
[69]	Li, Z. H.; Yu, Y. X. ACS ES&T Eng. 2025, 5, 3576.
[70]	Zhao, Y.; Shen, J.; Yuan, J.; Mao, H. F.; Cheng, X. Q.; Xu, Z. M.; Bian, Z. F. Nano Energy 2024, 124, 109499. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109499
[71]	Shen, C. H.; Zhao, Y. J.; Nam, H. N.; Zhu, L. Y.; Phung, Q. M.; Austen, V.; Kim, M.; Jiang, D.; Wei, X. Q.; Yokoshima, T.; et al. Chem. Sci. 2025, 16, 7026. doi: 10.1039/D4SC07132H
[72]	Liu, H. F.; Qin, J. Z.; Mu, J. C.; Liu, B. J. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2023, 636, 134. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.014
[73]	Song, B. Y.; Xiang, D.; Chen, C. J.; Xu, J. C.; Ma, Y. S.; Yang, L. J.; Lee, M. H.; Zhao, D. K.; Han, K.; Wang, N. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 521, 166374. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.166374
[74]	Yang, C. X.; Tang, Y.; Yang, Q.; Wang, B.; Liu, X. H.; Li, Y. X.; Yang, W. X.; Zhao, K. X.; Wang, G.; Wang, Z. Y.; et al. J. Hazard. Mater. 2024, 480, 136036. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136036
[75]	Ma, J. H.; Zhang, Y. T.; Wang, B. W.; Jiang, Z. X.; Zhang, Q. Y.; Zhuo, S. F. ACS Nano 2023, 17, 6687. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12491
[76]	Huang, H.; Wang, K. Y. Green Chem. 2023, 25, 9167. doi: 10.1039/D3GC01914D
[77]	Yang, Y. J.; Yang, H. M.; Yuan, Y.; Gao, X. M.; Yang, J. Q.; Yu, T. T.; Yue, X. C.; Du, H. Y. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2025, 379, 134976. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134976
[78]	Kozuch, S.; Martin, J. M. L. ACS Catal. 2012, 2, 2787. doi: 10.1021/cs3005264
[79]	Li, H. M.; Li, P. P.; Guo, Y.; Jin, Z. Y. Anal. Chem. 2024, 96, 997. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05095
[80]	Peng, C.; Yang, S. T.; Luo, G.; Yan, S.; Shakouri, M.; Zhang, J. B.; Chen, Y. S.; Li, W. H.; Wang, Z. Q.; Sham, T. K.; et al. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2204476. doi: 10.1002/adma.v34.39
[28]	Lin, Y. C.; Kong, C. L.; Chen, L. RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 32598. doi: 10.1039/C6RA01536K
[29]	Wang, L. Y.; You, S. Q.; Gong, Y. R.; Gu, J. X.; Zhang, J. W.; Shan, G. G.; Zhu, B.; Yang, W. T.; Sun, C. Y.; Wang, X. L.; et al. Green Chem. 2024, 26, 9415. doi: 10.1039/D4GC03381G
[30]	Dong, Y. A.; Zhao, C. S.; Li, Y. G.; Guo, Y. K.; Liu, X. Z.; Liu, W.; Souiki, R.; Ding, S. G.; Guo, B. B. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2025, 8, 9038. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.5c00651
[31]	Zhang, T.; Shi, K. G.; Wang, B. D.; Hou, X. Y. ACS Catal. 2025, 15, 9814. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.5c00591
[32]	Zheng, Q.; Liu, Z. H.; Yan, Y. D.; Yan, S. C.; Zou, Z. G. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 65, e22042. doi: 10.1002/anie.v65.5
[33]	Hou, T. L.; Shan, T. S.; Rong, H. P.; Zhang, J. T. ChemSusChem 2025, 18, e202402331. doi: 10.1002/cssc.v18.9
[34]	Sun, S. C.; Zhang, D. L.; Li, D. R.; Xu, C. C.; Mou, H. Y.; Feng, L.; Lv, S. H.; Song, C. X.; Song, J. B.; Wang, D. B. Aggregate 2025, 6, e70016. doi: 10.1002/agt2.v6.5
[35]	Zhou, B.; Yu, L. H.; Zhang, W. X.; Liu, X. P.; Zhang, H.; Cheng, J. D.; Chen, Z. Y.; Li, M. Q.; Shi, Y. B.; Jia, F. L.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202406046. doi: 10.1002/anie.v63.31
[36]	Liu, H. Z.; Park, J.; Chen, Y. F.; Qiu, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Srivastava, K.; Gu, S.; Shanks, B. H.; Roling, L. T.; Li, W. Z. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 8431. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01525
[37]	Mou, T.; Wang, Y. T.; Deák, P.; Li, H.; Long, J.; Fu, X. Y.; Zhang, B.; Frauenheim, T.; Xiao, J. P. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2022, 13, 9919. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02452
[38]	Ren, Y. W.; Yu, C.; Wang, L. S.; Tan, X. Y.; Wang, Z.; Wei, Q. B.; Zhang, Y. F.; Qiu, J. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 10193. doi: 10.1021/jacs.2c00089
[39]	Dolla, T. H.; Zhang, B. Y.; Matthews, T.; Chabalala, M. P.; Ajayi, S. O.; Sikeyi, L. L.; Liu, X. Y.; Mathe, M. K. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2024, 518, 216061. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.216061
[40]	Liang, S. Z.; Teng, X.; Xu, H.; Chen, L. S.; Shi, J. L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202400206. doi: 10.1002/anie.v63.11
[41]	Chen, D.; Zhang, S. C.; Yin, D.; Quan, Q.; Zhang, Y. X.; Wang, W. J.; Meng, Y.; Liu, X. D.; Yip, S.; Yanagida, T.; et al. Chem. Catal. 2024, 4, 101024.
[42]	Ge, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, Z. F.; Xu, X. B.; Chen, Y. Q.; Yin, Z. L.; Zhou, Q.; Yang, W. B. Water Res. 2025, 274, 123077. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.123077
[43]	Fan, J. L.; Arrazolo, L. K.; Du, J. X.; Xu, H. M.; Fang, S. Y.; Liu, Y.; Wu, Z. B.; Kim, J. H.; Wu, X. H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2024, 58, 12823. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.4c03949
[44]	Muthukumar, P.; Ullah, Z.; Zhang, X.; Ullah, H.; Liu, Y. X.; Li, L. F.; Tian, S. J.; Zhou, X. L.; Anthony, S. P.; Zuo, Y. P.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 29949. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c07066 pmid: 40765371
[45]	Ibrahim, A. H.; El-Mehalmey, W. A.; Haikal, R. R.; Safy, M. E. A.; Amin, M.; Shatla, H. R.; Karakalos, S. G.; Alkordi, M. H. Inorg. Chem. 2019, 58, 15078. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01611 pmid: 31661254
[46]	Yan, J. Y.; Li, J. W.; Liu, P.; Huang, H.; Song, W. B. Green Chem. 2023, 25, 8645. doi: 10.1039/D3GC02613B
[47]	Zhang, Z. D.; Lv, Y.; Gu, Y. M.; Zhou, X. C.; Tian, B. L.; Zhang, A. Q.; Yang, Z. M.; Chen, S. Z.; Ma, J.; Ding, M. N.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202418272. doi: 10.1002/anie.v64.6
[48]	Safy, M. E. A.; Amin, M.; Haikal, R. R.; Elshazly, B.; Wang, J. J.; Wang, Y. M.; Wöll, C.; Alkordi, M. H. Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26, 7109. doi: 10.1002/chem.v26.31
[49]	Deria, P.; Chung, Y. G.; Snurr, R. Q.; Hupp, J. T.; Farha, O. K. Chem. Sci. 2015, 6, 5172. doi: 10.1039/C5SC01784J
[50]	Lin, J. X.; Ouyang, J.; Liu, T. Y.; Li, F. X.; Sung, H. H. Y.; Williams, I.; Quan, Y. J. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 7757. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43577-5
[51]	Meng, Z.; Priyadarsini, A.; Shi, K. G.; Ren, Z. H.; Subedi, D.; Israel, D.; Kaden, W. E.; Feng, X. F.; Kattel, S. ChemSusChem 2025, 18, e202500717. doi: 10.1002/cssc.v18.19
[52]	Chen, H. T.; Han, Z. L.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Li, Y.; Yu, L. L.; Zhang, Z. L.; Li, L. J. Mater. Chem. A 2026, 14, 13042. doi: 10.1039/D5TA09605G
[53]	Feng, Y.; Lv, X. W.; Wang, H. Y.; Wang, L.; Sun, M. L.; Ren, J. T.; Yuan, Z. Y. Adv. Energy Mater. 2025, 15, e03022. doi: 10.1002/aenm.v15.38
[81]	Chen, X.; Liang, Y.; Zhou, L.; Chen, F. S.; Ding, J. J.; Wang, M. J.; Zhang, L. Y.; Su, J.; Jin, Z.; Jiang, M. H. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2026, 703, 139141. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.139141
[82]	Song, N.; Jiang, J. Z.; Hong, S. H.; Wang, Y.; Li, C. M.; Dong, H. J. Chin. J. Catal. 2024, 59, 38. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(23)64622-4
[83]	Ma, S. Y.; Han, W. G.; Han, W. L.; Dong, F.; Tang, Z. C. J. Mater. Chem. A 2023, 11, 3315. doi: 10.1039/D2TA08735A
[84]	Wang, F. T.; Xie, Q. Y.; Jiao, H.; Xu, L. J. Solid State Chem. 2026, 353, 125263.
[85]	Zhu, X. R.; Yuan, X. L.; Ge, M.; Tang, Y. F. Small 2024, 20, 2405158. doi: 10.1002/smll.v20.46
[86]	Wang, J. Y.; Zhao, W. J.; Jia, H. Y.; Liu, Y. B.; Zhang, M.; Dong, L. L.; Zhang, A. J.; Wang, R. Acta Chim. Sinica 2025, 83, 1507 (in Chinese). doi: 10.6023/A25060221
	(王佳雨, 赵文娟, 贾宏宇, 刘永博, 张敏, 董龙龙, 张安杰, 王锐, 化学学报, 2025, 83, 1507.) doi: 10.6023/A25060221
[87]	Han, J.; Liao, R. H.; Deng, W. Q.; Liang, B. Y.; Zhou, Y. Q.; Ren, S.; Hong, Y. Acta Chim. Sinica 2024, 82, 295 (in Chinese). doi: 10.6023/A23110508
	(韩晶, 廖润华, 邓文强, 梁博宇, 周雨晴, 任帅, 洪燕, 化学学报, 2024, 82, 295.) doi: 10.6023/A23110508
[88]	Shan, L. T.; Ma, Y. J.; Xu, S. J.; Zhou, M.; He, M.; Sheveleva, A. M.; Cai, R. S.; Lee, D.; Cheng, Y. Q.; Tang, B. Y.; et al. Commun. Mater. 2024, 5, 104. doi: 10.1038/s43246-024-00535-y
[89]	Wang, M.; Meng, Y. R.; Xu, W. J.; Shen, T. Y.; Wang, Y. H.; Yu, Q. C.; Liu, C. J.; Gu, Y. M.; Tie, Z. X.; Fan, Z. X.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 18327. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c06650
[90]	Hou, C. C.; Wang, H. F.; Li, C. X.; Xu, Q. Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13, 1658. doi: 10.1039/C9EE04040D
[91]	Li, R. D.; Zhao, H. Y.; Wang, L.; Zhou, Q. Q.; Yang, X.; Jiang, L. B.; Luo, X.; Yu, J.; Wei, J. W.; Mu, S. C. Chem. Sci. 2025, 16, 4383. doi: 10.1039/D4SC08498E
[92]	Liu, H. X.; Zhou, Z. J.; Xie, L.; Liu, C.; Cai, L.; Wu, X. P.; Liu, T. F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202411508. doi: 10.1002/anie.v63.47
[93]	Maity, S.; Kolay, S.; Chakraborty, S.; Devi, A.; Patra, A. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2025, 54, 1785. doi: 10.1039/D4CS00962B
[94]	Yang, Y.; Dong, M.; Wu, Q.; Qin, C.; Chen, W. C.; Geng, Y.; Wu, S. X.; Sun, C. Y.; Shao, K. Z.; Su, Z. M.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202423018. doi: 10.1002/anie.v64.12
[95]	Fu, X. X.; Guo, H.; Si, D. H.; Zhu, H. J.; Lan, Y. Y.; Huang, Y. B.; Cao, R. Chem. Sci. 2025, 16, 13503. doi: 10.1039/D5SC02208H
[96]	Wu, Z. L.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Y.; Li, J. P.; Li, L. B. Acta Chim. Sinica 2025, 83, 917 (in Chinese). doi: 10.6023/A25040140
	(吴子林, 张璐, 陈杨, 李晋平, 李立博, 化学学报, 2025, 83, 917.) doi: 10.6023/A25040140
[97]	Han, Z. S.; Huang, W. H.; Cheng, P.; Shi, W. Chin. J. Chem. 2025, 43, 956. doi: 10.1002/cjoc.v43.8
[98]	Ji, H. Q.; Huang, T. Y.; Zhang, G. X.; Cao, S.; Sun, Y. Y.; Pang, H. Chin. J. Chem. 2025, 43, 1417. doi: 10.1002/cjoc.v43.12
[99]	Zhang, R.; Hong, H.; Liu, X. H.; Zhang, S. C.; Li, C.; Cui, H. L.; Wang, Y. B.; Liu, J. H.; Hou, Y.; Li, P.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2023, 62, e202309930. doi: 10.1002/anie.v62.48
[100]	Xue, Z. Q.; Yao, M. S.; Otake, K. I.; Nishiyama, Y.; Aoyama, Y.; Zheng, J. J.; Zhang, S. Q.; Kajiwara, T.; Horike, S.; Kitagawa, S. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202401005. doi: 10.1002/anie.v63.21
[101]	Pan, X. L.; Zhu, Q. Y.; Yu, K. S.; Yan, M. Y.; Luo, W.; Tsang, S. C. E.; Mai, L. Q. Next Mater. 2023, 1, 100010.
[102]	Ma, Q.; Xue, Y. H.; Zhang, C. N.; Chen, Y. Y.; Teng, W.; Zhang, H.; Fan, J. W. J. Environ. Sci. 2025, 149, 374. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2024.01.046
[103]	Zhu, Y.; Duan, H. Y.; Gruber, C. G.; Qu, W. Q.; Zhang, H.; Wang, Z. L.; Zhong, J.; Zhang, X. H.; Han, L. P.; Cheng, D. H.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202421821. doi: 10.1002/anie.v64.11
[104]	Yao, X. H.; Zhu, C. Y.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, K. H.; Sun, C. Y.; Dong, M.; Shan, G. G.; Wu, Z.; Zhang, M.; Wang, X. L.; et al. Green Chem. 2024, 26, 8010. doi: 10.1039/D4GC02536A
[105]	Li, W. X.; Fang, W.; Chen, W.; Dinh, K.; Ren, H.; Zhao, L.; Liu, C. T.; Yan, Q. Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 3658. doi: 10.1039/C9TA13473E
[106]	Li, J. W.; Liu, P.; Mao, J. X.; Yan, J. Y.; Song, W. B. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 11248. doi: 10.1039/D1TA01970H
[107]	Sun, H.; Xia, Z. X.; Qi, Y. Y.; Xu, Q.; Han, J. W.; Wu, J. H.; Qin, J. S.; Rao, H. ACS Catal. 2025, 15, 16581. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.5c04411
[108]	Yao, X. H.; Li, W.; Cui, D. X.; Dong, M.; Shan, G. G.; Zhang, M.; Wang, X. L.; Su, Z. M.; Sun, C. Y. Nano Res. 2025, 18, 94907592. doi: 10.26599/NR.2025.94907592
[109]	Zhao, X.; Kong, X. P.; Wang, F. L.; Fang, R. Q.; Li, Y. W. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 10842. doi: 10.1002/anie.202016591 pmid: 33511743
[110]	Xin, C. J.; Wei, Y. P.; Bai, J. Q.; Chen, J. S.; Sun, S.; Mao, C. J. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2025, 13, 115182. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.115182
[111]	Amjad, A. A.; Murtaza, M.; Shah, S. S. A.; Ahmad, I.; Alawadhi, H.; Shah, W. A.; Waseem, A. Fuel 2025, 385, 134021. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2024.134021
[112]	Wu, S. W.; Jiang, S.; Liu, S. Q.; Tan, X. H.; Chen, N.; Luo, J. L.; Mushrif, S. H.; Cadien, K.; Li, Z. Energy Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 3576. doi: 10.1039/D3EE00840A
[113]	Xue, Z. Q.; Liu, K.; Zheng, J. J.; Kajiwara, T.; Sakamoto, H.; Honma, T.; Otake, K.; Kitagawa, S. Chem. Mater. 2024, 36, 5897. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03222
[114]	Qin, L.; Liu, Q.; Wang, Y. N.; An, J. L.; Zhang, M. F.; Shi, C. W. Inorg. Chem. 2025, 64, 14012. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5c02389
[115]	Lan, Y. Y.; Chen, W. X.; Si, D. H.; Zhu, H. J.; Fu, X. X.; Huang, Y. B.; Cao, R. CCS Chem. 2026, 8, 1997. doi: 10.31635/ccschem.025.202505556
[116]	Xing, C. Y.; Ren, J. L.; Fan, L. L.; Zhang, J. C.; Ma, M.; Wu, S. W.; Liu, Z. N.; Tian, J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2409064. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v34.49
[117]	Wang, M.; Li, S. F.; Gu, Y. M.; Xu, W. J.; Wang, H. Z.; Sun, J. J.; Chen, S. M.; Tie, Z. X.; Zuo, J. L.; Ma, J.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 20439. doi: 10.1021/jacs.4c06098
[118]	Liu, Q.; Cheng, X. F.; Huo, J. Y.; Liu, X. F.; Dong, H. L.; Zeng, H. B.; Xu, Q. F.; Lu, J. M. Chin. J. Catal. 2024, 62, 231. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60059-8
[119]	Ahmad, M. S.; Rasheed, T. J. Mater. Chem. A 2025, 13, 16309. doi: 10.1039/D4TA09189B
[120]	Li, Q. L.; Jia, C. M.; Wang, Q. X.; Guo, X. Y.; Qi, K.; Liu, J. F.; Fan, W. J.; Luo, L.; Li, J. N.; Long, J.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 39430. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c11655
[121]	Liu, L.; Xu, Q.; Zhu, Q. L. Adv. Energy Sustain. Res. 2021, 2, 2100100. doi: 10.1002/aesr.v2.11
[122]	Yao, X. H.; Cui, D. X.; Zhu, C. Y.; He, J. T.; Meng, F. F.; Yang, S.; Dong, M.; Shan, G. G.; Zhang, M.; Sun, C. Y.; et al. ACS Mater. Lett. 2024, 6, 5112.
[123]	Yadav, A.; Panda, D. K.; Zhang, S. Y.; Zhou, W.; Saha, S. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12, 40613. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c12388
[124]	Pathak, A.; Shen, J. W.; Usman, M.; Wei, L. F.; Mendiratta, S.; Chang, Y. S.; Sainbileg, B.; Ngue, C. M.; Chen, R. S.; Hayashi, M.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1721. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-09682-0
[125]	Pila, T.; Chirawatkul, P.; Piyakeeratikul, P.; Somjit, V.; Sawangphruk, M.; Kongpatpanich, K. Chem. Eur. J. 2020, 26, 17399. doi: 10.1002/chem.v26.72
[126]	Mao, S. X.; Zhu, Y. Q.; Dong, G. G.; Wang, T.; Pan, F.; Zhang, K. J.; Yu, S. S. Langmuir 2025, 41, 28170. doi: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5c04125
[127]	Hai, Y.; Li, X. M.; Cao, Y.; Wang, X. Y.; Meng, L. H.; Yang, Y.; Luo, M. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 11431. doi: 10.1021/acsami.3c16456
[128]	Safy, M. E. A.; Haikal, R. R.; Elshazly, B.; Hamdy, A.; Ali, F.; Maarouf, A. A.; Alkordi, M. H. Appl. Mater. Today 2020, 19, 100604.
[129]	Yang, J.; Li, P. F.; Wang, L. J.; Guo, X. W.; Guo, J.; Liu, S. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2019, 848, 113301. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113301
[130]	Gao, C.; Zhang, S. T.; Pang, H. Acta Chim. Sinica 2025, 83, 962 (in Chinese). doi: 10.6023/A25040117
	(高春, 张松涛, 庞欢, 化学学报, 2025, 83, 962.) doi: 10.6023/A25040117
[131]	He, C.; Zhang, J.; Song, R. F.; Mantzavinos, D.; Katsaounis, A.; Weng, R. G.; Wang, X. S.; Yan, Z.; Qu, Y.; Lu, W.; et al. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2026, 36, e22607. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v36.18
[132]	Hayat, A.; Sohail, M.; Qadeer, A.; Taha, T. A.; Hussain, M.; Ullah, S.; Al-Sehemi, A. G.; Algarni, H.; Amin, M. A.; Sarwar, M. A.; et al. Chem. Rec. 2022, 22, e202200097. doi: 10.1002/tcr.v22.12
[133]	Hanan, A.; Lakhan, M. N.; Bibi, F.; Khan, A.; Soomro, I. A.; Hussain, A.; Aftab, U. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 482, 148776. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.148776
[134]	Wang, J.; Feng, T.; Chen, J. X.; He, J. H.; Fang, X. S. Research 2022, 2022, 9837012.
[135]	Tian, Q.; Ye, X. S.; Jing, L. Y.; Wang, W. Y.; Zheng, Z. H.; Li, A. K.; Xie, K. L.; Huang, X. J.; Hu, Q.; Yang, H. P.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202516919. doi: 10.1002/anie.v64.46
[136]	Yue, K. H.; Lu, R. H.; Gao, M. B.; Song, F.; Dai, Y.; Xia, C. F.; Mei, B. B.; Dong, H. L.; Qi, R. J.; Zhang, D. L.; et al. Science 2025, 388, 430. doi: 10.1126/science.ads1466
[137]	Liu, S.; Zhang, Y. F.; Hao, L.; Nsabimana, A.; Shen, S. G. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 678, 924. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.09.185
[138]	Yang, M. L.; Wei, G. T.; Zhu, Y. L.; Zhang, X. H.; Qin, L. H.; Zhang, L. Y. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2025, 395, 127704.
[139]	Hu, J.; Huang, H.; Yu, M.; Wang, S.; Li, J. Nano Res. 2024, 17, 4864. doi: 10.1007/s12274-024-6470-3
[140]	Yang, Y. J.; Tang, G. R.; Liu, X. Y.; Yang, L.; Gao, R. M.; Li, C. P. Chem. Commun. 2024, 60, 14858. doi: 10.1039/D4CC05045B
[141]	Wang, X. Y.; Borse, R. A.; Wang, G.; Xiao, Z.; Zhu, H.; Sun, Y. L.; Qian, Z. F.; Zhong, S. K.; Wang, R. H. Mater. Today Energy 2024, 44, 101652.
[142]	Xu, X. Q.; Guan, J. Q. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 2025, 162, 100886. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2024.100886
[143]	Indra, A.; Song, T.; Paik, U. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, 1705146. doi: 10.1002/adma.v30.39
[144]	Mao, L. J.; Ge, Y. J.; Chen, D. D.; Yang, Y. D.; Xu, S. J.; Xue, J. H.; Xiao, K. K.; Zhou, X. M.; Qian, J. J.; Yang, Z. Sci. China Mater. 2023, 66, 2257. doi: 10.1007/s40843-022-2374-3
[145]	Wang, N. N.; Chen, Y. Z. Acta Chim. Sinica 2024, 82, 621 (in Chinese). doi: 10.6023/A24010040
	(王南南, 陈玉贞, 化学学报, 2024, 82, 621.) doi: 10.6023/A24010040
[146]	Shen, K.; Chen, X. D.; Chen, J. Y.; Li, Y. W. ACS Catal. 2016, 6, 5887. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01222
[147]	Chai, L. L.; Li, R.; Sun, Y. Z.; Zhou, K.; Pan, J. Q. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, 2413658. doi: 10.1002/adma.v37.8
[148]	Wang, H. F.; Chen, L. Y.; Pang, H.; Kaskel, S.; Xu, Q. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2020, 49, 1414. doi: 10.1039/C9CS00906J
[149]	Cao, Y.; Yuan, S. B.; Zhou, W. B.; Hai, Y.; Li, X. M.; Luo, M. J. Mater. Chem. A 2024, 12, 30409. doi: 10.1039/D4TA05443A
[150]	Wang, J. P.; Chen, X. P.; Yuan, H. B.; Xing, L. L.; Sha, D. S.; Li, A. J.; Chen, G. Q.; Xing, T. L. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2025, 679, 161264. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2024.161264
[151]	Zhu, X. Q.; He, H.; Li, Y. X.; Wu, H. Y.; Fu, M. L.; Ye, D. Q.; Wu, J. L.; Huang, H. M.; Hu, Y.; Niu, X. J. Nanomaterials 2020, 10, 983. doi: 10.3390/nano10050983
[152]	Xu, X. D.; Cao, X. F.; Wu, X. Y.; Cheng, Y. S.; Xiong, X. W.; Wu, F. H.; Wei, X. W. J. Mater. Sci. 2024, 59, 18028. doi: 10.1007/s10853-024-10246-x
[153]	Tsai, Y. S.; Yang, S. C.; Yang, T. H.; Wu, C. H.; Lin, T. C.; Kung, C. W. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2024, 16, 62185. doi: 10.1021/acsami.4c14786
[154]	Zhang, C. Q.; Zhang, Y.; Deng, R.; Yuan, L.; Zou, Y. Y.; Bao, T.; Zhang, X. C.; Wei, G. F.; Yu, C. Z.; Liu, C. Adv. Mater. 2024, 36, 2313844. doi: 10.1002/adma.v36.26
[155]	Cao, Y. H.; Liu, S. L.; Li, J. T.; Feng, G. G.; Fan, X. X.; Wang, C. J. Mater. Chem. C 2025, 13, 16778. doi: 10.1039/D5TC02164B
[156]	Zhang, Y. L.; Zhou, H. K.; Zhang, Y. P.; Shi, Z. K.; Xiong, W. R.; Chen, L. J.; Liu, W.; Du, H.; Xu, J. Y.; Chi, S. L.; et al. Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy 2024, 357, 124262.
[157]	Wang, B. W.; Ma, J. H.; Yang, R.; Meng, B. C.; Yang, X. B.; Zhang, Q. Y.; Zhang, B.; Zhuo, S. F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2024, 63, e202404819. doi: 10.1002/anie.v63.30
[158]	Yang, S. C.; Muthiah, B.; Chang, J. W.; Tsai, M. D.; Wang, Y. C.; Li, Y. P.; Kung, C. W. Electrochim. Acta 2024, 492, 144348. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144348
[159]	Wang, Z. C.; Liu, S. S.; Wang, M. F.; Zhang, L. F.; Jiang, Y. Z.; Qian, T.; Xiong, J.; Yang, C. T.; Yan, C. L. ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 9125. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01821
[160]	Liu, F.; Li, J. C.; An, N.; Huang, J. X.; Liu, X.; Li, M. J. Hazard. Mater. 2024, 465, 133484. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133484
[161]	Li, J.; Wang, B. L.; Wang, H. J.; Jia, J. Z.; Zhang, J. H.; Zhang, L. Y.; Tu, M. D.; Li, H.; Xu, C. L. Inorg. Chem. 2024, 63, 3955. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04446
[162]	Hu, X. R.; Zhang, M. M.; Lai, C.; Cheng, M.; Xu, F. H.; Ma, D. S.; Li, L.; Yan, H. C.; Sun, H.; Fan, X.; et al. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 493, 152543. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.152543
[163]	Zhang, Y. L.; Xiong, J. Q.; Yan, S. H.; Liu, B. P. J. Electroanal. Chem. 2023, 946, 117702. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117702
[164]	Czerny-Holownia, S.; Boyer, H. R.; King, A. J.; Yang, V. Y.; Guo, J. Y.; Liu, M. J.; Bui, J. C.; Tarpeh, W. A.; Lees, E. W. EES Catal. 2025, 3, 1272. doi: 10.1039/D5EY00217F
[165]	Guo, J.; Brimley, P.; Liu, M.; Corson, E.; Munoz, C.; Smith, W.; Tarpeh, W. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 7882. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c01057
[166]	Sun, J. P.; Lv, Y.; Chang, H. B.; Ou, H. H.; Li, Y.; Yang, G. D. Chem. Eng. Sci. 2025, 315, 121845. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2025.121845
[167]	Chen, Y.; Ma, T. F.; Wang, F.; Liu, Y. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2024, 63, 15546. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.4c02212
[168]	Pan, F.; Zhou, J. J.; Wang, T.; Zhu, Y. Q.; Ma, H. R.; Niu, J. F.; Wang, C. Y. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2023, 638, 26. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.121
[169]	Luan, T. T.; Zhao, Y. K.; Hou, X. R.; Tan, Z. Y.; Li, X. Y.; Li, J. D.; Wu, F. C. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2025, 692, 137506. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2025.137506
[170]	Chen, F. Y.; Elgazzar, A.; Pecaut, S.; Qiu, C.; Feng, Y. G.; Ashokkumar, S.; Yu, Z.; Sellers, C.; Hao, S. Y.; Zhu, P.; et al. Nat. Catal. 2024, 7, 1032. doi: 10.1038/s41929-024-01200-w
[171]	Bai, Y.; Liu, Q. H.; Guo, H.; Rao, J. H.; Yu, J.; Deng, Q.; Tang, C.; Duan, C.; Tu, X.; Chen, G. X.; et al. Small 2026, 22, e12466. doi: 10.1002/smll.v22.19
[172]	Gnanasekar, P.; Peramaiah, K.; Zhang, H. F.; Alsayoud, I. G.; Subbiah, A. S.; Babics, M.; Ng, T. K.; Gan, Q. Q.; De Wolf, S.; Huang, K. W.; et al. Small 2024, 20, 2404249. doi: 10.1002/smll.v20.43
[173]	Street, M. E.; Shulhai, A. M.; Petraroli, M.; Patianna, V.; Donini, V.; Giudice, A.; Gnocchi, M.; Masetti, M.; Montani, A. G.; Rotondo, R.; et al. Front. Endocrinol. 2024, 15, 1429884. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1429884
[174]	Karwowska, M.; Kononiuk, A. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 241. doi: 10.3390/antiox9030241
[175]	Seyyedsalehi, M. S.; Mohebbi, E.; Tourang, F.; Sasanfar, B.; Boffetta, P.; Zendehdel, K. Toxics 2023, 11, 190. doi: 10.3390/toxics11020190
[176]	Liang, J.; Li, Z. X.; Zhang, L. C.; He, X.; Luo, Y. S.; Zheng, D. D.; Wang, Y.; Li, T. S.; Yan, H.; Ying, B. W.; et al. Chem 2023, 9, 1768. doi: 10.1016/j.chempr.2023.05.037
[177]	Zahra, A.; Ali, M.; Ali, N.; Khan, A.; Zairov, R.; Sinyashin, O.; Wang, Y.; Zafar, S.; Khan, F. A. J. Hazard. Mater. 2025, 487, 137093. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137093
[178]	Chen, M.; Wang, H. F.; Zhao, Y. Y.; Luo, W.; Li, L.; Bian, Z. F.; Wang, L. J.; Jiang, W.; Yang, J. P. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 19023. doi: 10.1039/C8NR06360E
[179]	Ling, L.; Chen, Y. K.; Li, W. Q.; Luo, J. Y.; Feng, C. H.; Lei, Y. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2025, 17, 39032. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c05397
[180]	Monteiro, M. C. O.; Liu, X.; Hagedoorn, B. J. L.; Snabilié, D. D.; Koper, M. T. M. ChemElectroChem 2022, 9, e202101223. doi: 10.1002/celc.v9.1
[181]	Barrera, L.; Silcox, R.; Giammalvo, K.; Brower, E.; Isip, E.; Chandran, R. B. ACS Catal. 2023, 13, 4178. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05136
[182]	Mousavi, S.; Ibrahim, S.; Aroua, M. K.; Ghafari, S. Biochem. Eng. J. 2012, 67, 251. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.04.016
[183]	Yu, S. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C. X.; Zi, Y. H.; Feng, Y. B.; Hu, J. J. Mater. Chem. A 2025, 13, 4814. doi: 10.1039/D4TA08090D
[184]	He, L. A.; Wang, Z. Q.; Wang, H.; Wu, Y. N. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2025, 526, 216361. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.216361
[185]	Xu, D.; Zhang, G. X.; Pang, H. eScience Energy 2025, 1, 100005. doi: 10.1016/j.esen.2025.100005
[186]	Nguyen, H. L. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2200465. doi: 10.1002/adma.v34.20
[187]	Rosado, A.; Borrás, A.; Suárez-García, F.; Vallcorba, O.; López-Periago, A. M.; Ayllón, J. A.; Domingo, C. Appl. Mater. Today 2025, 42, 102573.
[188]	Hamisu, A. M.; Ariffin, A.; Wibowo, A. C. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2020, 511, 119801. doi: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119801
[189]	Yang, H.; Xu, M.; Mao, M.; Gao, L.; Zhang, H.; Meng, S. S.; Tang, W. Q.; Gu, Y. H.; Yuan, S.; Liu, L. M.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 21961. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c05507 pmid: 40503660
[190]	Keshavarz, F. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2026, 28, 6089. doi: 10.1039/D5CP04782J
[191]	Zhong, Y. L.; Fang, P. H.; Zhai, M. Y.; Low, Z.; Chen, Z. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025, 147, 45377. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c15567
[192]	Chai, Y. Z.; Ma, F. C.; Song, W. X. Nonferrous Met. Mater. Eng. 2025, 46, 41.
[193]	Zheng, X. Y.; Shen, L. J.; Luo, X. F.; Li, X.; Xiao, X. W. J. Mol. Struct. 2025, 1321, 139959. doi: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2024.139959
[194]	Meng, S. S.; Xu, M.; Guan, H. X.; Chen, C. L.; Cai, P. Y.; Dong, B.; Tan, W. S.; Gu, Y. H.; Tang, W. Q.; Xie, L. G.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 5347. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41055-6
[195]	Jafari, F.; Nandy, S.; Najafpour, M. M. J. Phys. Chem. C 2025, 129, 9717. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5c00971
[196]	Bai, L. C.; Franco, F.; Timoshenko, J.; Rettenmaier, C.; Scholten, F.; Jeon, H. S.; Yoon, A.; Ruscher, M.; Herzog, A.; Haase, F. T.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 9665. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c13288
[197]	Zhou, X.; Xu, W. C.; Liang, Y. Q.; Jiang, H.; Li, Z. Y.; Wu, S. L.; Gao, Z. H.; Cui, Z. D.; Zhu, S. L. ACS Catal. 2024, 14, 12251. doi: 10.1021/acscatal.4c03336
[198]	Li, Y. F.; Wang, C. C.; Yang, L. K.; Ge, W. X.; Shen, J. H.; Zhu, Y. H.; Li, C. Z. Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2303863. doi: 10.1002/aenm.v14.7
[199]	Zhang, S. Y.; Liu, C. H.; Jiang, J. W.; Liu, W. X.; Lin, Z. X.; Yang, Z. T.; Guo, Y. G.; Gao, B.; Feng, J. Y.; Zou, Z. G.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2026, 65, e22700. doi: 10.1002/anie.v65.4
[200]	Wang, Y.; Zhou, W.; Jia, R.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, B. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 5350. doi: 10.1002/anie.v59.13
[201]	Zhu, Y. Q.; Dong, G. G.; Pan, F.; Wang, T.; Zhang, L. B.; Wang, H. L.; Ge, L. K.; Zhang, P. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2025, 17, 28084. doi: 10.1021/acsami.5c01200
[202]	Braga, D. S.; Pedersen, A.; Riyaz, M.; Barrio, J.; Bagger, A.; Neckel, I. T.; Mariano, T. M.; Winkler, M. E. G.; Stephens, I. E. L.; Titirici, M. M.; et al. Adv. Sci. 2025, 12, e10282. doi: 10.1002/advs.v12.39
[203]	Yin, H. B.; Peng, Y.; Li, J. H. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2023, 57, 3134. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07968
[204]	Cai, J. M.; Wei, Y. Y.; Cao, A.; Huang, J. J.; Jiang, Z.; Lu, S. Y.; Zang, S. Q. Appl. Catal. B Environ. Energy 2022, 316, 121683.
[205]	Wang, Y.; Hao, F.; Xu, H.; Sun, M.; Wang, X.; Xiong, Y.; Zhou, J.; Liu, F.; Hu, Y.; Ma, Y.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202508617. doi: 10.1002/anie.v64.28
[206]	Liu, H. M.; Lang, X. Y.; Zhu, C.; Timoshenko, J.; Rüscher, M.; Bai, L. C.; Guijarro, N.; Yin, H. B.; Peng, Y.; Li, J. H.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202202556. doi: 10.1002/anie.v61.23
[207]	Zhou, B.; Zhan, G. M.; Yao, Y. C.; Zhang, W. X.; Zhao, S. X.; Quan, F. J.; Fang, C. Y.; Shi, Y. B.; Huang, Y.; Jia, F. L.; et al. Water Res. 2023, 242, 12056.
[208]	Wu, Z. Y.; Karamad, M.; Yong, X.; Huang, Q. Z.; Cullen, D. A.; Zhu, P.; Xia, C. A.; Xiao, Q. F.; Shakouri, M.; Chen, F. Y.; et al. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 2870. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23115-x
[209]	Liu, S. L.; Cao, Y. H.; Yang, L.; Li, Y. H.; Li, J. T.; Xin, B. W.; Feng, G. G.; Wang, H.; Wang, C. Small 2025, 21, 2500641. doi: 10.1002/smll.v21.16
[210]	Wang, Y. H.; Hao, F. K.; Xu, H. M.; Sun, M. Z.; Wang, X. X.; Xiong, Y. C.; Zhou, J. W.; Liu, F.; Hu, Y. B.; Ma, Y. B.; et al. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2025, 64, e202508617. doi: 10.1002/anie.v64.28
[211]	Li, Z.; Yang, X. Y.; Ju, C. Z.; Tian, T.; Hou, J. W.; Hu, Z. G.; Zou, J. X. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 2026, 167, 101123. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2025.101123
[212]	An, H. T.; Han, Z. Y.; Lu, M. Y.; Zhou, A. W.; Li, J. R. CIESC J. 2025, 76, 2011.
[213]	Xie, F.; Li, J. ACS Mater. Lett. 2024, 6, 2400.
[214]	Lee, S.; Ji, Y.; Doo, G.; Kim, M.; Shin, J.; Kim, C.; Han, M. H.; Lee, W. H.; Lee, J. H.; Kwak, Y.; et al. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 509, 161533. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.161533
[215]	Cui, Z. J.; Wang, H. H.; Li, C. L.; Peng, W. C.; Liu, J. P. Adv. Sci. 2026, 13, e23422. doi: 10.1002/advs.v13.11
[216]	Kundu, J.; Bhoyar, T.; Kim, J. H.; Choi, J.; Kim, D.; Kwon, T.; Kim, J. Y.; Lee, K.; Choi, S. I. Catal 2025, 1, 10. doi: 10.1007/s44422-025-00010-w
[217]	Hassan, H.; Hussain, S.; Saed, M. Z.; Arshad, M.; Althobaiti, A.; Mohammad, A.; Radwan, E.; Mousa, A. A.; Alawaideh, Y. M. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2026, 226, 116201. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2025.116201

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu-BDC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	130.16 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	67.42%	−0.946 V	5 r	[84]
Zn-MOF	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 500 ppm KNO₃	461.1 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	80.50%	−1.1 V	10 r	[81]
Zn₅-NiS₄TP MOF	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1378.52 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96.20%	92.87%	−1.3 V	20 r	[47]
InCu-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 300 ppm KNO₃	52.37 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	82%	−1.0 V	5 r	[108]
Co-TATB	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	378.8 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98%	−1.0 V	8 r	[89]
Co-bpta-btc	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	604.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	83.3%	−1.0 V	12 h	[114]
HUST-38	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NO₃^-	785.63 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	92.7%	95.7%	−0.6 V	96 h	[44]
a_gCu(Melm)₂-CC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 75 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.20 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	91%	−1.8 V	16 h	[115]
DiMe-Cu₃-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	23.54 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95%	−1.55 V	12 h	[95]
Fe-pyNDI	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	861.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	≈90%	−1.2 V	10 r	[100]
Cu-CA	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	186.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	90.3%	−0.9 V	10 r	[116]
NJUZ-2	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	253.7 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.4%	−0.8 V	70 r	[117]
NJUZ-3	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	214.5 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.8%	−0.8 V	—	[117]
Cu-BTA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 ppm KNO₃	133.87 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	79.46%	—	−1.2 V	20 r	[118]
CuNi_0.75-MOF/NF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	3.04 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.88%	−1.0 V	10 r	[74]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu-BDC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	130.16 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	67.42%	−0.946 V	5 r	[84]
Zn-MOF	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 500 ppm KNO₃	461.1 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	80.50%	−1.1 V	10 r	[81]
Zn₅-NiS₄TP MOF	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1378.52 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96.20%	92.87%	−1.3 V	20 r	[47]
InCu-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 300 ppm KNO₃	52.37 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	82%	−1.0 V	5 r	[108]
Co-TATB	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	378.8 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98%	−1.0 V	8 r	[89]
Co-bpta-btc	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	604.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	83.3%	−1.0 V	12 h	[114]
HUST-38	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NO₃^-	785.63 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	92.7%	95.7%	−0.6 V	96 h	[44]
a_gCu(Melm)₂-CC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 75 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.20 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	91%	−1.8 V	16 h	[115]
DiMe-Cu₃-MOF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	23.54 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95%	−1.55 V	12 h	[95]
Fe-pyNDI	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	861.78 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	≈90%	−1.2 V	10 r	[100]
Cu-CA	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	186.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	90.3%	−0.9 V	10 r	[116]
NJUZ-2	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	253.7 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.4%	−0.8 V	70 r	[117]
NJUZ-3	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	214.5 mmol•h⁻¹•g_cat⁻¹	—	98.8%	−0.8 V	—	[117]
Cu-BTA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 ppm KNO₃	133.87 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	79.46%	—	−1.2 V	20 r	[118]
CuNi_0.75-MOF/NF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	3.04 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.88%	−1.0 V	10 r	[74]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu/SO₃-MOF-808	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.383 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.6%	87.5%	−1.19 V	—	[153]
CoP/Zn-ZIF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.9 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	≈97%	−1.0 V	30 r	[154]
Cu₃P-a	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 ppm KNO₃-N	31.86 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	83.62%	90.95%	−0.5 V	8 r	[155]
FeN_x-PC-Fe NPs	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 1.0 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	1.77 ± 0.06 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	93.5%	−1.0 V	120 h	[156]
AuPt@ZIF-8	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 ppm NaNO₃	7.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96%	(95.8 ± 3.0)%	−0.5 V	6 r	[140]
Ni-MOFs@HsGDY@Cu	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.321 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.5%	−0.11 V	12 r	[157]
CuCeO_x/C	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	—	73.40%	75.5%	−1.29 V	1 h	[158]
Cu-Co HOC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+ 50 ppm KNO₃-N	0.022 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	90.68%	−0.5 V	—	[152]
UiO-CuZn	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄+ 200 ppm NaNO₃	228.11 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.2%	92.6%	−1.0 V	—	[159]
UiO-66-derived M-SAC	1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.76 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	>96%	−1.0 V	—	[88]
Fe-S-Z-C	0.02 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 mg•L⁻¹ NO₃^--N	—	—	93.9%	−0.47 V	6 r	[160]
Cu-Ru@C	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 μg•mL⁻¹ NaNO₃	99.84 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	84.70%	90.4%	−0.9 V	25 h	[161]
Cu-Co₃O₄/NF	0.2 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 2 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.076 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	92.4%	−0.53 V	6 r	[162]
NiPC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 200 mg•L⁻¹ KNO₃	108.04 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.04%	96.68%	−1.0 V	—	[139]
NiCoO₂@Cu	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	348.82 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.7%	94.2%	−0.7 V	33 h	[127]
Co-N-C-500	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	66.93 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	74%	86.8%	−0.6 V	30 h	[149]
Co₃O₄@MoS₂	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.2 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	266.55 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	52.69%	−0.64 V	10 r	[163]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	NH₃ Selectivity	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Ref.
Cu/SO₃-MOF-808	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.383 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.6%	87.5%	−1.19 V	—	[153]
CoP/Zn-ZIF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	0.9 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	≈97%	−1.0 V	30 r	[154]
Cu₃P-a	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 ppm KNO₃-N	31.86 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	83.62%	90.95%	−0.5 V	8 r	[155]
FeN_x-PC-Fe NPs	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 1.0 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	1.77 ± 0.06 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	93.5%	−1.0 V	120 h	[156]
AuPt@ZIF-8	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 ppm NaNO₃	7.72 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	96%	(95.8 ± 3.0)%	−0.5 V	6 r	[140]
Ni-MOFs@HsGDY@Cu	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.321 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	95.5%	−0.11 V	12 r	[157]
CuCeO_x/C	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	—	73.40%	75.5%	−1.29 V	1 h	[158]
Cu-Co HOC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+ 50 ppm KNO₃-N	0.022 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	90.68%	−0.5 V	—	[152]
UiO-CuZn	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄+ 200 ppm NaNO₃	228.11 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.2%	92.6%	−1.0 V	—	[159]
UiO-66-derived M-SAC	1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.76 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	>96%	−1.0 V	—	[88]
Fe-S-Z-C	0.02 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 100 mg•L⁻¹ NO₃^--N	—	—	93.9%	−0.47 V	6 r	[160]
Cu-Ru@C	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 50 μg•mL⁻¹ NaNO₃	99.84 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	84.70%	90.4%	−0.9 V	25 h	[161]
Cu-Co₃O₄/NF	0.2 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 2 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.076 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	—	92.4%	−0.53 V	6 r	[162]
NiPC	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 200 mg•L⁻¹ KNO₃	108.04 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.04%	96.68%	−1.0 V	—	[139]
NiCoO₂@Cu	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	348.82 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.7%	94.2%	−0.7 V	33 h	[127]
Co-N-C-500	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.05 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	66.93 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	74%	86.8%	−0.6 V	30 h	[149]
Co₃O₄@MoS₂	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.2 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	266.55 μmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	—	52.69%	−0.64 V	10 r	[163]

Electrocatalyst	Electrolyte	NH₃ yield	FE_NH₃	Optimal potentials	Stability	Cost Evaluation	Ref.
Au/Cu SAA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄+100 ppm of NO₃⁻−N	0.193 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	99.69%	−0.8 V	45 h	High	[203]
Bi/Cu₂O	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+1000 ppm NO₃⁻	0.150 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	99.2%	−0.8 V	14 h	Low	[208]
Ni₁Cu-SAA	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄+200 ppm NO₃⁻−N	0.326 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	≈100%	−0.55 V	≈8.89 h	Medium	[204]
Rh@Cu-0.6%	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.27 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	93 %	−0.2 V	30 h	High	[206]
Fe-N-C	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ +0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	0.46 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	75%	−0.66 V	20 r	Medium	[208]
P-Cu_0.51Ni_0.49	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50 ppm KNO₃	94.94 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	98.38%	−0.55 V	10 h	Low	[209]
hcp/fcc Cu₁₀Ni_₉₀	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 100 mmol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	3.37 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	98.1%	−0.7 V	12 r	Low	[210]
Cl-Cu	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 50~200 mg•L⁻¹ NO₃⁻−N	4.32 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	82.5%	−0.65 V	>100 h	Low	[207]
Cu-SA/UiO-bpy	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	434.5 μmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	98.1%	−0.8 V	10 r	Medium	[59]
NJUZ-2	0.1 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	253.7 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	98.8%	−0.8 V	70 h	Medium	[117]
Zn₅-NiS₄TP MOF	0.05 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.5 mol•L⁻¹ KNO₃	1.348 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	92.87%	−1.3 V	20 r	High	[47]
FeNx-PC-Fe NPs	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 1.0 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	1.77±0.06 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	98.4%	−1 V	120 h	Medium	[156]
CuNi_0.75-MOF/NF	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ Na₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NaNO₃	3.04 mmol•h⁻¹•cm⁻²	95.88%	−1 V	10 r	Low	[74]
HUST-38	0.5 mol•L⁻¹ K₂SO₄ + 0.1 mol•L⁻¹ NO₃⁻	0.785 mmol•h⁻¹•mg_cat⁻¹	95.7%	−0.6 V	96 h	Medium	[44]

基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究^★

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Fig. & Tab. 13

References 217

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

[1]	Chen Lei, Xin Zhao, Jing Dong, Wenjun Lin, Rui Zhang, Chuanjun Wang, Guoqiang Wang. Biomass-derived Carbon-supported Nickel-iron Phosphide Catalyst for Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Ammonia from Nitrogen-containing Pollutants [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(4): 490-497.
[2]	Yi Ye, Zhengyi Huang, Xinglei Zhao, Yali Zhao, Longjie Liu, Wufeng Wu, Yanying Wei. Vertically Aligned Metal-organic Framework Nanosheet Membranes for Efficient H₂ Transport [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2026, 84(1): 129-134.
[3]	Jiayu Wang, Wenjuan Zhao, Hongyu Jia, Yongbo Liu, Min Zhang, Longlong Dong, Anjie Zhang, Rui Wang. Enhancing Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia via Copper-Coordinated Three-Dimensional Covalent Organic Frameworks [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2025, 83(12): 1507-1513.
[4]	Tan Zhang, Zhongliang Yu, Jiaqi Yu, Huining Wan, Chengyu Bao, Wenqiang Tu, Song Yang. Chemical Looping Ammonia Synthesis with High Performance Supported Molybdenum-based Nitrogen Carrier [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2022, 80(6): 788-796.
[5]	Xiawei Ying, Jianjun Fu, Min Zeng, Wen Liu, Tianyu Zhang, Peikang Shen, Xinyi Zhang. BiOCl-Fe₂O₃@TiO₂ Mesoporous Composite for Photoelectrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2022, 80(4): 503-509.
[6]	Su Zhan, Fuxiang Zhang. Recent Progress on Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Ammonia Under Amibent Conditions [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(2): 146-157.
[7]	Zhi Chang, Yu Qiao, Huijun Yang, Han Deng, Xingyu Zhu, Ping He, Haoshen Zhou. Applications of Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) Materials in Lithium-ion Battery/Lithium-metal Battery Electrolytes [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(2): 139-145.
[8]	Xia Gao, Huibin Pan, Zengxian He, Ke Yang, Chengfang Qiao, Yongliang Liu, Chunsheng Zhou. Construction and Structure-Activity Relationship of Immobilized Enzyme Reactor Based on Al-MOF-Derived Al₂O₃ with Hierarchical Structure [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(12): 1502-1510.
[9]	Feng Sheng, Gao Wenbo, Cao Hujun, Guo Jianping, Chen Ping. Advances in the Chemical Looping Ammonia Synthesis [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2020, 78(9): 916-927.
[10]	Jia Jiangtao, Wang Lei, Zhao Qing, Sun Fuxing, Zhu Guangshan. Design and Synthesis of a Metal-organic Framework with nia Topology [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2013, 71(11): 1492-1495.
[11]	Wang Ziqing, Chen Geng, Lin Jianxin, Wang Rong, Wei Kemei. Preparation of Ru/Ba-ZrO₂ Catalyst and Its Performance for Ammonia Synthesis [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2013, 71(02): 205-212.
[12]	Lin Jianxin, Zhang Liuming, Ni Jun, Wang Rong, Wei Kemei. Effect of Redox Co-precipitation Methods on Structure and Catalytic Activity of Ru/CeO₂ Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2012, 70(02): 137-142.
[13]	. Proton Conduction in La0.9M0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3－α at Intermediate Temperature and Its Application to Synthesis of Ammonia at Atmospheric Pressure [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2009, 67(7): 623-628.
[14]	LUO Xiao-Jun, WANG Rong, NI Jun, LIN Jian-Xin, WEI Ge-Mei. Effect of Precipitants on Structure and Catalytic Activity of Ru/CeO2 Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2009, 67(22): 2573-2578.
[15]	LIN Jing-Dong, HUANG Gui-Yu, XU Zong-Xiang, LIAO Dai-Wei. Effects of Fluoride on Activities of Ru-based Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts [J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2004, 62(18): 1717-1720.

基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究★

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights★

RichHTML

PDF

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Fig. & Tab. 13

References 217

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

基于金属有机框架的中性介质硝酸盐电催化还原制氨: 设计策略与机理研究^★

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrocatalysts for Neutral Nitrate-to-Ammonia Conversion: Design Strategies and Mechanistic Insights^★