1 单环3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱含能衍生物
表1 化合物5和6 (M+=NH3OH+)的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 1 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 5 and 6 (M+=NH3OH+) |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N | OBh/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 1.88 | 135.8 | 8900 | 35.7 | 58 | 8 | 240 | +3.7 |
| 6 (M+=NH3OH+) | 1.932 (1.930) | 62.1 | 9646i | 43.0i | 175 | 8 | 64 | -5.3 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 | -21.6 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 | -21.6 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃, the value in the bracket was obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. h Oxygen balance based on CO2. i Detonation velocity and pressure calculated through the K-J equation. |
2 双环3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱含能衍生物
2.1 C—C键桥联呋咱-杂环化合物
2.1.1 呋咱联三唑化合物
表2 化合物13~16的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 2 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 13~16 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHfb/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13-2N2H5+ | 1.83 | 616.1 | 9045 | 34.9 | 208.8 | >40 | >360 |
| 13-2NH3OH+ | 1.850 | 327.3 | 9135 | 36.6 | 196.9 | 36 | 360 |
| 14 | 1.863 | 499.9 | 9152 | 37.1 | 191.2 | 23 | 300 |
| 15 | 1.908 | 451.4 | 9087 | 38.1 | 168.0 | 8 | 220 |
| 16 | 1.932 | 649.0 | 9355 | 40.1 | 91.8 | 3 | 120 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. |

2.1.2 呋咱联四唑化合物
表3 化合物20~23的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 3 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 20~23 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 | 1.67 (calculated) | 415.4 | 8258 | 27.8 | 224 | — | — |
| 21 | 1.790 | 441.1 | 8601 | 30.0 | 197 | 37 | >360 |
| 21-NH3OH+ | 1.803 | 454.8 | 9100 | 33.4 | 213 | >50 | >360 |
| 22-2NH3OH+ | 1.84 | 398.9 | 9323 | 38.3 | 204 | 14 | 160 |
| 22-2N2H5+ | 1.72 | 631.1 | 9094 | 32.1 | 254 | 18 | 240 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. |
2.1.3 呋咱联异呋咱化合物
表4 呋咱联异呋咱含能化合物的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 4 Physicochemical and energetic properties of bridged furazan and isofurazan energetic compounds |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 1.65 | 355.8 | 7810 | 24.1 | 159 | 37.8 | 360 | |||
| 26 | 1.71 | 295.1 | 8118 | 27.7 | 200 | >60 | >360 | |||
| 27 | 1.78 | 412.7 | 8602 | 32.8 | 172 | — | — | |||
| 32 | 1.66 | 651.3 | 7471 | 21.0 | 182.9 | 20 | 160 | |||
| 33 | 1.75 | 705.2 | 8290 | 28.6 | 157.7 | 20 | 360 | |||
| 34 (M+=NH3OH+) | 1.79 | 1112.1 | 9090 | 35.8 | 159.3 | 15 | 120 | |||
| 36 | 1.74h | 269.8 | 8155 | 27.3 | 89 | 35 | 360 | |||
| 38 | 1.82 | 226.0 | 8398 | 29.7 | 111 | 25 | 240 | |||
| 39 | 1.70 | 154.9 | 8102 | 27.6 | 218 | 14 | 120 | |||
| 40 (M+=NH3OH+) | 1.85 | 250.8 | 9046 | 37.4 | 193 | 16 | 160 | |||
| 45 | 1.83 | 237.8 | 8451 | 31.1 | 60 | 10 | — | |||
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 | |||
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 | |||
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. h Density obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. |
2.1.4 呋咱联其他杂环化合物
表5 呋咱联其他杂环化合物的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 5 Physicochemical and energetic properties of bridged furazan and other heterocyclic compounds |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | 1.67h | 265.1 | 7980 | 27 | 144.8 | 35 | — |
| 59•HNO3 | 1.86 | 470.7 | 8888 | 35.0 | 223 | >40 | >360 |
| 60 | 1.67 | 170.5 | 7789 | 23.8 | 235 | >40 | >360 |
| 61 | 1.67 | 132.5 | 7969 | 25.5 | 246 | >40 | >360 |
| 62 | 1.86 | 341.8 | 8193 | 28.2 | 185 | >40 | >360 |
| 63 | 1.71 | 781.1 | 7353 | 17.8 | 320 | >40 | >360 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. h Density obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. |
2.2 桥联双呋咱化合物
2.2.1 偶氮桥联双呋咱化合物
图3 化合物68的晶体结构及其三维框架图Figure 3 X-ray crystal structure of 68 and its full 3D framework along the a axis |
表6 偶氮桥联双呋咱化合物的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 6 Physicochemical and energetic properties of azo-bridged bis-furazan energetic compounds |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 65 | 1.62 | 933.9 | 7640 | 21.8 | 234 | 7.5 | ≥360 |
| 68 | 2.04 | 110.1 | 8138 | 30.1 | 229 | 2 | 20 |
| 69 | 1.87 | 175.8 | 8492 | 30.5 | 166 | 5 | 120 |
| 70 | 1.81 | 526.2 | 8936 | 34.6 | 140 | 2 | 40 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. |
2.2.2 亚甲二硝亚胺桥联双呋咱化合物
表7 亚甲二硝亚胺桥联双呋咱化合物的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 7 Physicochemical and energetic properties of methylenedinitroimine-bridged bis-furazan energetic compounds |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 72 | 1.67h | 981.6 | 8291 | 28.0 | 132 | 7 | 100 |
| 73 | 1.83h | 1426.3 | 9043 | 35.6 | 154 | 16 | 180 |
| 79 | 1.87 | 299.4 | 8885 | 37.8 | 128 | 2 | 80 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. h Density recalculated from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. |
2.2.3 醚键桥联双呋咱化合物
3 三环3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱含能衍生物
3.1 呋咱联异呋咱联呋咱/吡唑化合物
表8 化合物87和91~94的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 8 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 87 and 91~94 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 87 ($\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$) | 1.71 | 1236.3 | 8271 | 27.9 | 231 | 16 | 120 |
| 87 ($\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{H}_5^{+}$) | 1.71 | 1196.5 | 8603 | 30.1 | 234 | 19 | 240 |
| 91 | 1.85 | 648 | 8665 | 32.5 | 272 | 35 | >360 |
| 92 | 1.85 | 773 | 9067 | 36.4 | 172 | 18 | 200 |
| 93 | 1.88 | 707 | 9094 | 36.7 | 265 | 24 | 300 |
| 94 ($\mathrm{NH}_4^{+}$) | 1.79 | 563 | 8618 | 32.0 | 197 | 30 | 360 |
| 94 ($\mathrm{N}_2 \mathrm{H}_5^{+}$) | 1.83 | 841 | 8996 | 35.0 | 181 | 22 | 240 |
| 94 (NH3OH+) | 1.83 | 699 | 8942 | 36.3 | 182 | 26 | 300 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. |
3.2 呋咱联二噁二嗪联呋咱化合物
表9 化合物96~100及其盐的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 9 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 96~100 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHfb/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 96 | 1.87h | 594.4 | 9040i | 37.7i | 148 | 2.2 | 116 |
| 97 | 1.93 | 848.4 | 9109 | 38.3 | 88 | 4.5 | 100 |
| 98 (M+=NH3OH+) | 1.91 | 564.8 | 9293 | 39.7 | 156 | 4.5 | 120 |
| 99 | 1.94 | 719.7 | 9156 | 38.9 | 154 | 16.3 | 240 |
| 100 | 1.95 | 1194.2 | 9600 | 42.8 | 114 | 3.5 | 100 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. h Density recalculated from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. i Detonation velocity and pressure calculated by Cheetah thermodynamic code. |
3.3 呋咱联(氧化)呋咱联呋咱化合物
表10 化合物102~106和113的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 10 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 102~106 and 113 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 102 | 1.83 | 840.3 | 8673 | 33.7 | 169.4 | 21.1 | 300 |
| 103 | 1.84 | 922.6 | 8935 | 35.9 | 167.3 | 14.2 | 240 |
| 104 | 1.90 | 1174.4 | 9407 | 40.5 | 108.6 | 3.6 | 100 |
| 105 (M+=NH3OH+) | 1.83 | 801.2 | 9046 | 36.7 | 171.3 | 12.2 | 180 |
| 106 | 1.94h | 602.2 | 9043 | 35.5 | 241 | 10.5 | 213 |
| 113 (M+=NH3OH+) | 1.80 | 810.2 | 8979 | 36.3 | 179 | 8 | 160 |
| 113 (M+=N2H5+) | 1.76 | 1017.7 | 8968 | 34.0 | 231 | 12 | 160 |
| 113 (M+=NH4+) | 1.66 | 503.0 | 8287 | 27.6 | 180 | 25 | 360 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. h Density obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. |
4 四环3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱含能衍生物
4.1 (氧化)偶氮呋咱联杂环化合物
表11 化合物124~135的合成条件及产率Table 11 Synthetic conditions and yields of compounds 124~135 ![]() |
| No. | Reactant | Product | Hy | Reaction condition | Yield/% | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8 | 124 | ![]() | KMnO4, 20% HCl, 20 ℃ | 92 | [17] |
| 2 | 10 | 125 | ![]() | KMnO4, 20% HCl, 20 ℃ | 72 | [17] |
| 3 | 11 | 126 | ![]() | KMnO4, conc. HCl, MeCN, 20 ℃ | 67 | [17] |
| 4 | 16 | 127 | ![]() | KMnO4, 20% HCl, 20 ℃, 24 h | 83 | [20] |
| 5 | 19 | 128 | ![]() | KMnO4, conc. HCl, MeCN, 20 ℃ | 76 | [17] |
| 6 | 21 | 129 | ![]() | KMnO4, conc. HCl, MeCN, r.t., 20 min | 70a | [27] |
| 7 | 24 | 130 | ![]() | KMnO4, 20% HCl, 20 ℃ | 86 | [17] |
| 8 | 28 | 131 | ![]() | KMnO4, 20% HCl, 20 ℃ | 82 | [17] |
| 9 | 29 | 132 | ![]() | KMnO4, 20% HCl, 20 ℃ | 94 | [17] |
| 10 | 35 | 133 | ![]() | KMnO4, conc. HCl, MeCN, 20 ℃ | 76 | [17] |
| 11 | 41 | 134 | b c | KMnO4, conc. HCl, 50 ℃, 4 h | 78 | [31] |
| 12 | 58 | 135 | ![]() | KMnO4, conc. HCl, r.t., 5 h | 92 | [40] |
a This value is the total yield of azo reaction and subsequent salt formation reaction with ammonia. b The Hy group of 41. c The Hy group of 134. |
表12 化合物138和143的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 12 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 138 and 143 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 138 | 2.12 | 1038.0 | 10114 | 46.1 | 317 | 6.0 | 80 |
| 143 | 1.92h | 962.4 | 9240 | 37.5 | 256 | 18 | 220 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. h Density obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction. |

4.2 其他桥联呋咱联五元杂环化合物
4.3 C—C键桥联异呋咱/三唑联呋咱化合物
表13 化合物157~159和163~165的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 13 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 157~159 and 163~165 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 157 | 1.92 | 9185 | 37.5 | 101 | 16 | 240 | |
| 158 | 1.90 | 9062 | 37.2 | 188 | |||
| 159 | 1.93 | 9550 | 41.9 | 152 | 4.5 | 120 | |
| 163 | 1.94 | 986.6 | 9083 | 36.3 | 112 | 15.5 | 240 |
| 164 | 1.84 | 1567.9 | 8642 | 30.4 | 179 | 22.0 | 240 |
| 165 | 1.87 | 948.3 | 8784 | 33.1 | 298 | 17.4 | 360 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. |
5 稠环3-氨基-4-氰基呋咱含能衍生物

表14 化合物179~190的物理化学性质和能量特性Table 14 Physicochemical and energetic properties of compounds 179~190 |
| Compd. | ρa/(g•cm-3) | ΔHf b/(kJ•mol-1) | Dc/(m•s-1) | Pd/GPa | Tde/℃ | ISf/J | FSg/N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 179 | 1.80 | 557.3 | 7621 | 28.0 | 345 | >40 | >360 |
| 180 | 1.82 | 509.8 | 8095 | 25.1 | 249 | 32 | 350 |
| 181 | 1.85 | 832.1 | 8219 | 26.6 | 205 | 35 | >360 |
| 183 | 1.86 | 494.1 | 7853 | 24.5 | 329 | >40 | >360 |
| 184 | 1.80 | 1069.7 | 8679 | 31.0 | 181 | 5 | 60 |
| 186 | 1.78 | 388.3 | 8016 | 25.9 | 136 | >40 | >360 |
| 188 | 1.75 | 362.1 | 7894 | 25.3 | 242 | >40 | >360 |
| 189 | 1.71 | 803.2 | 7451 | 20.7 | 170 | 35 | 350 |
| 190 (M+=NH3OH+) | 1.87 | 336.8 | 9174 | 39.1 | 152 | 2 | 40 |
| RDX | 1.806 | 86.3 | 8795 | 34.9 | 204 | 7.4 | 120 |
| HMX | 1.904 | 116.1 | 9144 | 39.2 | 280 | 7.4 | 120 |
a Density measured by a gas pycnometer at 25 ℃. b Calculated enthalpy of formation. c Detonation velocity calculated by EXPLO5. d Detonation pressure calculated by EXPLO5. e Thermal decomposition temperature from DSC. f Impact sensitivity. g Friction sensitivity. |












b
c
