Research Progress in High-Performance Organic Small-Molecule Photovoltaic Donors Materials

doi:10.6023/cjoc202403026

Abstract

As a promising alternative to fossil energy, the development of photovoltaic energy is pivotal to the completion of carbon neutrality. Comparing with traditional inorganic solar cells (e.g. monocrystalline silicon based solar cell), organic solar cells (OSCs) exhibit unique advantages such as low cost, light weight, flexibility and convenient large-area printing, along with the high batch-to-batch performance consistency of small molecule photovoltaic materials, which promotes the rapid development of small molecule OSCs in last five years. As one of the most important components of OSCs, the donor materials play a decisive role in determining the performance of corresponding photovoltaic devices. Several series of promising small molecule donor materials with high performance have been reviewed systematically. The characteristics and trends of these materials in molecular design, device construction and morphology control are summarized through the analysis of relevant research progress. Moreover, the main challenges and problems in the current research field of organic small molecule photovoltaic materials are summarized, and prospects for the future development of related fields are put forward.

Key words: organic solar cell, small molecule photovoltaic donor material, power conversion efficiency, molecular design

Cite this article

Kaihuai Tu, Xue Jiang, Tainan Duan, Zeyun Xiao. Research Progress in High-Performance Organic Small-Molecule Photovoltaic Donors Materials[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2024, 44(11): 3282-3298.

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Donor	HOMO/LUMO/eV	Acceptor	PCE/%	Ref.	Donor	HOMO/LUMO/eV	Acceptor	PCE/%	Ref.
DCV5T	－5.61/－3.74	C60	3.47	[47]	PTTCNR	－5.17/－3.63	PC₇₁BM	8.21	[78]
1	－5.60/－3.75	C60	3.09	[48]	ZnP-TBO	－5.18/－3.81	6TIC	12.08	[79]
2	－5.63/－3.80	C60	2.93		ZnP-TBO	－5.18/－3.81	6TIC:4TIC	14.73	[80]
3	－5.58/－3.80	C60	2.53		ZnP-TSEH	－5.20/－3.82	6TIC:4TIC	15.88	[80]
T3	－5.26/－3.58	PC₇₁BM	6.15	[49]	ZnP-TSEH	－5.20/－3.82	6TIC:4TIC	17.18	[81]
DCN7T	－5.1/－3.4	PC₆₁BM	3.7	[51]	DR3TBDT	－5.02/－3.27	PC₇₁BM	7.38	[82, 83]
DCAO7T	－5.13/－3.26	PC₆₁BM	5.08	[52]	DR3TBDTT	－5.02/－3.27	PC₇₁BM	8.12
DERHD7T	－5.21/－3.68	PC₆₁BM	6.1	[53]	DR3TBDTT-HD	－5.06/－3.29	PC₇₁BM	6.79
DERHD7T	－5.21/－3.68	PC₇₁BM	4.35	[54]	DR3TBDT2T	－5.07/－3.29	PC₇₁BM	8.02
DRCN7T	－5.08/－3.44	PC₇₁BM	9.3	[54]	SBDT-BDD	－5.25/－3.55	IDIC	9.2	[84]
DRCN5T	－5.22/－3.41	PC₇₁BM	10.08	[55]	SBDT-BDD	－5.25/－3.55	IDIC:PC₇₁BM	10.9	[84]
DRCN5T	－5.32/－3.63	F-0Cl	5.49	[56]	DRTB-FT	－5.64/－3.61	F-2Cl	7.66	[85]
DRCN5T	－5.32/－3.63	F-1Cl	8.12		DRTB-T	－5.51/－3.34	F-2Cl	10.76	[85]
DRCN5T	－5.32/－3.63	F-2Cl	9.89		BTEHR-CT	－5.56/－3.47	F-2Cl	11.13	[86]
DRCN7T	－5.08/－3.44	Y6	2.48	[57]	BTEHR-CT	－5.56/－3.47	F-2Cl:PC₇₁BM	12.05	[86]
2F7T	－5.29/－3.61	Y6	9.41		BSFTR	－5.28/－3.19	NBDTP-F_out	12.26	[87]
2Cl7T	－5.39/－3.64	Y6	11.45		BSFTR	－5.28/－3.19	FO-2Cl	15.27	[42]
2Cl7T	－5.33/－3.59	eC9-4F	12.55	[58]	BSFTR	－5.28/－3.19	FO-EH-2Cl	15.78	[42]
Tz6T	－5.35/－3.65	eC9-4F	15.38	[58]	BTR	－5.34/－3.53	PC₇₁BM	9.3	[88]
Tz6T	－5.35/－3.65	eC9-4F	16.0	[59]	BTR	－5.34/－3.53	Y6	10.67	[89]
Tz6T-P	－5.37/－3.76	eC9-4F	14.7	[60]	BTR-Cl	－5.46/－3.70	Y6	13.61	[89]
Tz6T-iP	－5.29/－3.64	eC9-4F	15.7	[60]	BTR-Cl	－5.42/－3.70	Y6	13.81	[90]
4	－5.28/－3.68	PC₆₁BM	4.8	[61]	BTR-Cl	－5.42/－3.70	Y6	15.34	[90]
5	－5.28/－3.64	PC₆₁BM	5.6		SMDPP	－5.12/－3.72		1.73	[91]
6	－5.27/－3.67	PC₆₁BM	4.6		S-SMDPP	－5.16/－3.72		2.52
7	－5.30/－3.75	PC₆₁BM	4.4		SF-SMDPP	－5.18/－3.72		2.04
8	－5.31/－3.75	PC₆₁BM	6.1		B1	－5.37/－3.51	BO-4Cl	15.3	[92]
9	－5.30/－3.73	PC₆₁BM	6.1		B1	－5.37/－3.51	BO-4Cl:L8-BO	17.10	[93]
9	－5.30/－3.73	PC₇₁BM	7.1	[62]	TB	－5.28/－2.76	L8-BO	15.8	[94]
8	－5.31/－3.75	PC₇₁BM	7.63	[63]	TB-F	－5.31/－2.80	L8-BO	17	[94]
10	－5.25/－3.78	PC₇₁BM	8.22	[63]	T4	－5.22/－3.52	N3	12.61	[95]
9	－5.30/－3.73	PC₇₁BM	7.74	[64]	T6	－5.35/－3.53	N3	16.03	[95]
11	－5.28/－3.70	PC₇₁BM	8.16	[65]	SW1	－5.42/－3.43	Y6	12.90	[96]
12	－5.33/－4.08		4.21	[66]	SW2	－5.47/－3.45	Y6	15.51	[96]
13	－5.30/－4.03		2.74	[67]	BO-1	－5.30/－3.51	BTP-eC9	16.79	[97]
14	－5.32/－4.06		3.34	[66]	HD-1	－5.31/－3.46	BTP-eC9	17.19
15	—		5.2	[68]	OD-1	－5.36/－3.48	BTP-eC9	15.18
DTS(PTTh₂)₂	－5.2/－3.6	PC₇₀BM	6.7	[69]	HD-1	－5.31/－3.46	BTP-eC9	17.73	[98]
p-DTS(FBTTh₂)₂	－5.1/－3.3	PDI	3.1	[70]	DTBDT-Rho	－5.11/－3.14	PC₇₁BM	7.1	[99]
L-MDPBI	－5.20/－3.61		1.70	[71]	ZR1	－5.32/－3.53	Y6	14.34	[100]
F-MDPBI	－5.30/－3.59		4.89	[71]	ZR1	－5.32/－3.53	IDIC-4Cl	9.64	[100]
G17:D18-Cl	－5.39/－3.60	Y6	17.13	[72]	ZR1-Cl	－5.50/－3.60	IDIC-4Cl	10.81	[101]
G19:D18-Cl	－5.30/－3.53	Y6	18.53	[72]	ZR1-S-Cl	－5.56/－3.60	IDIC-4Cl	12.05	[101]
DHTBTEZP	－5.2/－3.9	PC₇₁BM	4.02	[73]	MPhS-C2	－5.35/－3.45	BTP-eC9	16.97	[102]
Por-1(DHTBTEZP)	－5.2/－3.9	PC₇₁BM	4.15	[74]	MPhS-C4	－5.39/－3.45	BTP-eC9	15.63
Por-2	－5.18/－3.39	PC₆₁BM	4.78	[74]	MPhS-C6	－5.35/－3.43	BTP-eC9	16.05
DPPEZnP-O	－5.07/－3.60	PC₆₁BM	7.23	[35]	MPhS-C2	－5.35/－3.45	SSe-NIC	16.83	[43]
DPPEZnP-TEH	－5.14/－3.76	PC₆₁BM	8.08	[75]	MPhS-C2	－5.35/－3.45	BTP-eC9:SSe-NIC	18.02	[43]
4a	－5.19/－3.59	PC₇₁BM	3.21	[76]	FBD-S1	－5.43/－3.52	Y6	11.5	[103]
4b	－5.15/－3.60	PC₇₁BM	5.07		TBD-S2	－5.41/－3.50	Y6	13.1	[103]
4c	－5.12/－3.52	PC₇₁BM	7.7		FBD-S3	－5.29/－3.13	Y6	12.53	[104]
PTTR	－5.14/－3.56	PC₇₁BM	7.66	[77]	TBD-S4	－5.31/－3.14	Y6	15.1	[104]

Donor	HOMO/LUMO/eV	Acceptor	PCE/%	Ref.	Donor	HOMO/LUMO/eV	Acceptor	PCE/%	Ref.
DCV5T	－5.61/－3.74	C60	3.47	[47]	PTTCNR	－5.17/－3.63	PC₇₁BM	8.21	[78]
1	－5.60/－3.75	C60	3.09	[48]	ZnP-TBO	－5.18/－3.81	6TIC	12.08	[79]
2	－5.63/－3.80	C60	2.93		ZnP-TBO	－5.18/－3.81	6TIC:4TIC	14.73	[80]
3	－5.58/－3.80	C60	2.53		ZnP-TSEH	－5.20/－3.82	6TIC:4TIC	15.88	[80]
T3	－5.26/－3.58	PC₇₁BM	6.15	[49]	ZnP-TSEH	－5.20/－3.82	6TIC:4TIC	17.18	[81]
DCN7T	－5.1/－3.4	PC₆₁BM	3.7	[51]	DR3TBDT	－5.02/－3.27	PC₇₁BM	7.38	[82, 83]
DCAO7T	－5.13/－3.26	PC₆₁BM	5.08	[52]	DR3TBDTT	－5.02/－3.27	PC₇₁BM	8.12
DERHD7T	－5.21/－3.68	PC₆₁BM	6.1	[53]	DR3TBDTT-HD	－5.06/－3.29	PC₇₁BM	6.79
DERHD7T	－5.21/－3.68	PC₇₁BM	4.35	[54]	DR3TBDT2T	－5.07/－3.29	PC₇₁BM	8.02
DRCN7T	－5.08/－3.44	PC₇₁BM	9.3	[54]	SBDT-BDD	－5.25/－3.55	IDIC	9.2	[84]
DRCN5T	－5.22/－3.41	PC₇₁BM	10.08	[55]	SBDT-BDD	－5.25/－3.55	IDIC:PC₇₁BM	10.9	[84]
DRCN5T	－5.32/－3.63	F-0Cl	5.49	[56]	DRTB-FT	－5.64/－3.61	F-2Cl	7.66	[85]
DRCN5T	－5.32/－3.63	F-1Cl	8.12		DRTB-T	－5.51/－3.34	F-2Cl	10.76	[85]
DRCN5T	－5.32/－3.63	F-2Cl	9.89		BTEHR-CT	－5.56/－3.47	F-2Cl	11.13	[86]
DRCN7T	－5.08/－3.44	Y6	2.48	[57]	BTEHR-CT	－5.56/－3.47	F-2Cl:PC₇₁BM	12.05	[86]
2F7T	－5.29/－3.61	Y6	9.41		BSFTR	－5.28/－3.19	NBDTP-F_out	12.26	[87]
2Cl7T	－5.39/－3.64	Y6	11.45		BSFTR	－5.28/－3.19	FO-2Cl	15.27	[42]
2Cl7T	－5.33/－3.59	eC9-4F	12.55	[58]	BSFTR	－5.28/－3.19	FO-EH-2Cl	15.78	[42]
Tz6T	－5.35/－3.65	eC9-4F	15.38	[58]	BTR	－5.34/－3.53	PC₇₁BM	9.3	[88]
Tz6T	－5.35/－3.65	eC9-4F	16.0	[59]	BTR	－5.34/－3.53	Y6	10.67	[89]
Tz6T-P	－5.37/－3.76	eC9-4F	14.7	[60]	BTR-Cl	－5.46/－3.70	Y6	13.61	[89]
Tz6T-iP	－5.29/－3.64	eC9-4F	15.7	[60]	BTR-Cl	－5.42/－3.70	Y6	13.81	[90]
4	－5.28/－3.68	PC₆₁BM	4.8	[61]	BTR-Cl	－5.42/－3.70	Y6	15.34	[90]
5	－5.28/－3.64	PC₆₁BM	5.6		SMDPP	－5.12/－3.72		1.73	[91]
6	－5.27/－3.67	PC₆₁BM	4.6		S-SMDPP	－5.16/－3.72		2.52
7	－5.30/－3.75	PC₆₁BM	4.4		SF-SMDPP	－5.18/－3.72		2.04
8	－5.31/－3.75	PC₆₁BM	6.1		B1	－5.37/－3.51	BO-4Cl	15.3	[92]
9	－5.30/－3.73	PC₆₁BM	6.1		B1	－5.37/－3.51	BO-4Cl:L8-BO	17.10	[93]
9	－5.30/－3.73	PC₇₁BM	7.1	[62]	TB	－5.28/－2.76	L8-BO	15.8	[94]
8	－5.31/－3.75	PC₇₁BM	7.63	[63]	TB-F	－5.31/－2.80	L8-BO	17	[94]
10	－5.25/－3.78	PC₇₁BM	8.22	[63]	T4	－5.22/－3.52	N3	12.61	[95]
9	－5.30/－3.73	PC₇₁BM	7.74	[64]	T6	－5.35/－3.53	N3	16.03	[95]
11	－5.28/－3.70	PC₇₁BM	8.16	[65]	SW1	－5.42/－3.43	Y6	12.90	[96]
12	－5.33/－4.08		4.21	[66]	SW2	－5.47/－3.45	Y6	15.51	[96]
13	－5.30/－4.03		2.74	[67]	BO-1	－5.30/－3.51	BTP-eC9	16.79	[97]
14	－5.32/－4.06		3.34	[66]	HD-1	－5.31/－3.46	BTP-eC9	17.19
15	—		5.2	[68]	OD-1	－5.36/－3.48	BTP-eC9	15.18
DTS(PTTh₂)₂	－5.2/－3.6	PC₇₀BM	6.7	[69]	HD-1	－5.31/－3.46	BTP-eC9	17.73	[98]
p-DTS(FBTTh₂)₂	－5.1/－3.3	PDI	3.1	[70]	DTBDT-Rho	－5.11/－3.14	PC₇₁BM	7.1	[99]
L-MDPBI	－5.20/－3.61		1.70	[71]	ZR1	－5.32/－3.53	Y6	14.34	[100]
F-MDPBI	－5.30/－3.59		4.89	[71]	ZR1	－5.32/－3.53	IDIC-4Cl	9.64	[100]
G17:D18-Cl	－5.39/－3.60	Y6	17.13	[72]	ZR1-Cl	－5.50/－3.60	IDIC-4Cl	10.81	[101]
G19:D18-Cl	－5.30/－3.53	Y6	18.53	[72]	ZR1-S-Cl	－5.56/－3.60	IDIC-4Cl	12.05	[101]
DHTBTEZP	－5.2/－3.9	PC₇₁BM	4.02	[73]	MPhS-C2	－5.35/－3.45	BTP-eC9	16.97	[102]
Por-1(DHTBTEZP)	－5.2/－3.9	PC₇₁BM	4.15	[74]	MPhS-C4	－5.39/－3.45	BTP-eC9	15.63
Por-2	－5.18/－3.39	PC₆₁BM	4.78	[74]	MPhS-C6	－5.35/－3.43	BTP-eC9	16.05
DPPEZnP-O	－5.07/－3.60	PC₆₁BM	7.23	[35]	MPhS-C2	－5.35/－3.45	SSe-NIC	16.83	[43]
DPPEZnP-TEH	－5.14/－3.76	PC₆₁BM	8.08	[75]	MPhS-C2	－5.35/－3.45	BTP-eC9:SSe-NIC	18.02	[43]
4a	－5.19/－3.59	PC₇₁BM	3.21	[76]	FBD-S1	－5.43/－3.52	Y6	11.5	[103]
4b	－5.15/－3.60	PC₇₁BM	5.07		TBD-S2	－5.41/－3.50	Y6	13.1	[103]
4c	－5.12/－3.52	PC₇₁BM	7.7		FBD-S3	－5.29/－3.13	Y6	12.53	[104]
PTTR	－5.14/－3.56	PC₇₁BM	7.66	[77]	TBD-S4	－5.31/－3.14	Y6	15.1	[104]

高性能有机小分子光伏给体材料研究进展