Research Progress in the Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol to Glycolic Acid

doi:10.6023/cjoc202601006

Abstract

Ethylene glycol (EG), as a key pyrolysis product of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), has abundant sources and enormous output, yet its inherent added value is relatively low. Against the dual challenges of escalating plastic pollution and carbon resource waste, the efficient and selective conversion of PET-derived EG into glycolic acid (GA), a high-value-added chemical, has emerged as a critical pathway to advance the chemical upcycling of plastics and establish a circular economy system. However, traditional GA synthesis processes are generally plagued by harsh reaction conditions, complex procedures, high environmental burden and low atom economy, which fail to meet the urgent demands of green chemical industry development, thus creating an imperative need for efficient and sustainable novel catalytic strategies. This paper systematically reviews the recent research progress in the selective oxidation of EG to GA via four mainstream catalytic strategies: thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis and enzymatic catalysis. It focuses on summarizing the design concepts and regulation strategies of core catalysts, key performance indicators and process optimization directions in various catalytic systems, conducts a comparative analysis of different catalytic strategies, and deeply dissects the unique advantages and core challenges faced by each technical route. On this basis, combined with the current research bottlenecks, the future development trends are prospected: breaking through the limitations of single catalytic mode to construct multi-field synergistic catalytic systems such as thermo-electro and photo-electro systems, leveraging artificial intelligence technology to assist the rational design of catalysts and precise prediction of reaction paths, focusing on the active site regulation of single-metal catalysts and the ligand modification and structure optimization of metal-organic catalysts, so as to enhance their compatibility and stability with the reaction system.

Key words: ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, enzymatic catalysis

Cite this article

Rui Wu, Zhiquan Wu, Juan Zhang, Wenchao Gao, Yingxiong Wang, Honghong Chang. Research Progress in the Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol to Glycolic Acid[J]. Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2026, 46(8): 2969-2987.

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Catalytic system	Catalyst	Alkaline condition	Reaction condition	EG conversion/%	GA selectivity/%	Ref.
Homogeneous	[Cp*Ir(bpyO)]OH^－	Yes	100.0 ℃, 12.0 h	100.0	—	[20]
	[HN(C₂H₄PPh₂)₂]Mn(CO)₂Br	Yes	140.0 ℃, 12.0 h	100.0	96.0	[21]
	NNN-Ru	Yes	100.0 ℃, 2.0 h	100.0	94.0	[22]
Heterogeneous	PtMn/MCM-41 (In-70)	No	60.0 ℃, 8.0 h	92.1	93.8	[23]
	Pt₁/HAP	Yes	50.0 ℃, 16.0 h	79.1	98.3	[24]
	Pt/CS	Yes	70.0 ℃, 2.0 h	87.3	93.0	[25]
	Pt/NaY	No	70.0 ℃, 2.0 h	89.6	91.3	[26]
	Pt^B@Cᵏ	Yes	140.0 ℃, 3.0 h	77.4	72.6	[27]
	Pt-Fe/CeO₂	Yes	70.0 ℃, 4.0 h	100.0	62.0	[28]
	Pt/Sn-Beta	No	70.0 ℃, 2.0 h	90.0	81.0	[29]
	Commercial Pt/C	No	30.0 ℃, 0.5 h	60.0	>90.0	[30]
	Au/C	Yes	70.0 ℃, 1.0 h	—	98.0	[31]
	2.78Au/Al₂O₃I	Yes	70.0 ℃	—	>95.0	[32]
	2.6Au/Al₂O₃(D)	Yes	76.0 ℃	—	>95.0	[33]
	AuPt/CeO₂	Yes	70.0 ℃	≥90.0	90.0	[34]
	Au/NiO	Yes	130.0 ℃, 3.0 h	≈100.0	87.6	[35]
	Ni₃Sn/CeZrO₂	Yes	270.0 ℃, 2.0 h	68.0	—	[36]
	Cu/CNF	Yes	180.0 ℃, 15.0 h	76.0	97.0	[37]

Catalytic system	Catalyst	Alkaline condition	Reaction condition	EG conversion/%	GA selectivity/%	Ref.
Homogeneous	[Cp*Ir(bpyO)]OH^－	Yes	100.0 ℃, 12.0 h	100.0	—	[20]
	[HN(C₂H₄PPh₂)₂]Mn(CO)₂Br	Yes	140.0 ℃, 12.0 h	100.0	96.0	[21]
	NNN-Ru	Yes	100.0 ℃, 2.0 h	100.0	94.0	[22]
Heterogeneous	PtMn/MCM-41 (In-70)	No	60.0 ℃, 8.0 h	92.1	93.8	[23]
	Pt₁/HAP	Yes	50.0 ℃, 16.0 h	79.1	98.3	[24]
	Pt/CS	Yes	70.0 ℃, 2.0 h	87.3	93.0	[25]
	Pt/NaY	No	70.0 ℃, 2.0 h	89.6	91.3	[26]
	Pt^B@Cᵏ	Yes	140.0 ℃, 3.0 h	77.4	72.6	[27]
	Pt-Fe/CeO₂	Yes	70.0 ℃, 4.0 h	100.0	62.0	[28]
	Pt/Sn-Beta	No	70.0 ℃, 2.0 h	90.0	81.0	[29]
	Commercial Pt/C	No	30.0 ℃, 0.5 h	60.0	>90.0	[30]
	Au/C	Yes	70.0 ℃, 1.0 h	—	98.0	[31]
	2.78Au/Al₂O₃I	Yes	70.0 ℃	—	>95.0	[32]
	2.6Au/Al₂O₃(D)	Yes	76.0 ℃	—	>95.0	[33]
	AuPt/CeO₂	Yes	70.0 ℃	≥90.0	90.0	[34]
	Au/NiO	Yes	130.0 ℃, 3.0 h	≈100.0	87.6	[35]
	Ni₃Sn/CeZrO₂	Yes	270.0 ℃, 2.0 h	68.0	—	[36]
	Cu/CNF	Yes	180.0 ℃, 15.0 h	76.0	97.0	[37]

Catalyst	Reaction condition	Working electrode potential/ (V vs. RHE)	FE/%	GA selectivity/%	Ref.
Pd₁Ag₁ NPs	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.85/50 mA/mg Pd	—	97.0/0.75 V vs. RHE	[38]
PdSb bimeallene	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.1 mol/L EG	0.60/10 mA/cm²	—	—	[39]
PdSn metallene	4.0 mol/L KOH, 2.3 mol/L EG	0.90/100 mA/cm²	92.5/0.97 V vs. RHE	—	[40]
PdCu MCs	1 mol/L KOH, strongly alkaline hydrolysate of PET	—	93.6/0.83 V vs. RHE	—	[41]
PdBi/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.5 mol/L EG	—	>99.0	—	[42]
PdAgPt/Co	3.0 mol/L KOH, 2.0 mol/L EG	—	—	93.6/200 A/m²	[43]
Pd-CuCo₂O₄	1.0 mol/L NaOH, 0.5 mol/L NaCl, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.80/200 mA/cm²	96.1/0.90 V vs. RHE	—	[44]
Pd/Ni(OH)₂/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.53/10 mA/cm²	94.2/1.20 V vs. RHE	—	[45]
Pd/a-Fe₂O₃	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.5 mol/L EG	0.85/6.83 A/mg Pd	—	93.8/6.83 A/mg Pd	[46]
Pd-CoCr₂O₄	5.0 mol/L NaOH, 2.0 mol/L EG	1.25/290 mA/cm²	—	94.5/1.25 V vs. RHE	[47]
Pd/NiMoO₄/NF	1.0 mol/L NaOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.79/100 mA/cm²	95.7/1.00 V vs. RHE	—	[48]
Pd-Co₃O₄/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.72/100 mA/cm²	93.1/0.90 V vs. RHE	—	[49]
Pd-Ni(OH)₂/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.69/100 mA/cm²	94.1/1.00 V vs. RHE	91.6/1.00 V vs. RHE	[50]
Pd₃S NAs	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.5 mol/L EG	—	83.6/0.87 V vs. RHE	—	[51]
PtAg/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.80/264 mA/cm²	95.7/0.70 V vs. RHE	—	[52]
Pt-Ni(OH)₂/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.61/100 mA/cm²	90.1/0.80 V vs. RHE	—	[53]
RhIn/C	3.0 mol/L KOH, 0.3 mol/L EG	—	75.4/0.65 V vs. RHE	85.0/0.65 V vs. RHE	[54]
Co-Ni/CP	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	—	91/1.4 V vs. RHE	96.3/150 mA/cm²	[55]
CoO/CFP	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.1 mol/L EG	1.39/10 mA/cm²	—	—	[56]
Ni₁-Fe₁-N-C	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.77/100 mA/cm²	>90.0/50~500 C	>90.0/500 C	[57]

Catalyst	Reaction condition	Working electrode potential/ (V vs. RHE)	FE/%	GA selectivity/%	Ref.
Pd₁Ag₁ NPs	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.85/50 mA/mg Pd	—	97.0/0.75 V vs. RHE	[38]
PdSb bimeallene	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.1 mol/L EG	0.60/10 mA/cm²	—	—	[39]
PdSn metallene	4.0 mol/L KOH, 2.3 mol/L EG	0.90/100 mA/cm²	92.5/0.97 V vs. RHE	—	[40]
PdCu MCs	1 mol/L KOH, strongly alkaline hydrolysate of PET	—	93.6/0.83 V vs. RHE	—	[41]
PdBi/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.5 mol/L EG	—	>99.0	—	[42]
PdAgPt/Co	3.0 mol/L KOH, 2.0 mol/L EG	—	—	93.6/200 A/m²	[43]
Pd-CuCo₂O₄	1.0 mol/L NaOH, 0.5 mol/L NaCl, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.80/200 mA/cm²	96.1/0.90 V vs. RHE	—	[44]
Pd/Ni(OH)₂/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.53/10 mA/cm²	94.2/1.20 V vs. RHE	—	[45]
Pd/a-Fe₂O₃	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.5 mol/L EG	0.85/6.83 A/mg Pd	—	93.8/6.83 A/mg Pd	[46]
Pd-CoCr₂O₄	5.0 mol/L NaOH, 2.0 mol/L EG	1.25/290 mA/cm²	—	94.5/1.25 V vs. RHE	[47]
Pd/NiMoO₄/NF	1.0 mol/L NaOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.79/100 mA/cm²	95.7/1.00 V vs. RHE	—	[48]
Pd-Co₃O₄/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.72/100 mA/cm²	93.1/0.90 V vs. RHE	—	[49]
Pd-Ni(OH)₂/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.69/100 mA/cm²	94.1/1.00 V vs. RHE	91.6/1.00 V vs. RHE	[50]
Pd₃S NAs	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.5 mol/L EG	—	83.6/0.87 V vs. RHE	—	[51]
PtAg/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.80/264 mA/cm²	95.7/0.70 V vs. RHE	—	[52]
Pt-Ni(OH)₂/NF	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.61/100 mA/cm²	90.1/0.80 V vs. RHE	—	[53]
RhIn/C	3.0 mol/L KOH, 0.3 mol/L EG	—	75.4/0.65 V vs. RHE	85.0/0.65 V vs. RHE	[54]
Co-Ni/CP	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	—	91/1.4 V vs. RHE	96.3/150 mA/cm²	[55]
CoO/CFP	1.0 mol/L KOH, 0.1 mol/L EG	1.39/10 mA/cm²	—	—	[56]
Ni₁-Fe₁-N-C	1.0 mol/L KOH, 1.0 mol/L EG	0.77/100 mA/cm²	>90.0/50~500 C	>90.0/500 C	[57]

Catalyst type	Catalyst	Reaction conditions	Light source	EG conversion/%	GA yield/%	Ref.
Non-metallic photocatalyst	CPDs-CN	Vacuum, 1.0 mol/L KOH	Xenon lamp	—	—	[62]
Non-metallic photocatalyst	B-g-C₃N₄NT	Argon, 0.1 mol/L NaOH	Xenon lamp	7.8	—	[63]
Metallic photocatalyst	Cu-Pt/ZrO₂	Air, alkali-free	Visible light	94.8	72.0	[64]
Metallic photocatalyst	Au-Pt/ZrO₂	Air, alkali-free	Xenon lamp	—	76.9	[65]

乙二醇选择性催化氧化合成乙醇酸的研究进展