有机光伏研究进展

doi:10.6023/A20110502

摘要/Abstract

以有机半导体材料为活性层的有机太阳能电池, 可通过印刷制备大面积柔性器件, 具有成本低、多彩、半透明等特点, 是一种极具发展前景的光伏技术. 研究者们多年来致力于设计高性能光伏材料, 优化器件界面, 改善活性层微观形貌, 开发新型器件结构, 探究器件工作机理等, 目前实验室制备的小面积有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率已经超过18%. 另外, 面向有机光伏产业化, 在制备大面积柔性器件、降低器件成本、提高器件寿命以及探究光伏建筑一体化和室内光伏等潜在应用方面的研究也取得了重要进展, 在国际上处于领跑地位. 中国科学家在有机光伏领域做出了诸多开创性和引领性的工作. 本文首先对有机太阳能电池的背景进行简单介绍, 接着按照分子工程、器件工程、器件物理和应用探索四个方面综述有机光伏领域的重要研究进展, 最后对有机光伏所面临的机遇与挑战进行展望.

关键词: 有机太阳能电池, 分子工程, 器件工程, 器件物理, 应用探索

Organic solar cells (OSCs), based on organic semiconductor materials as photoactive layers, have attracted broad interest as a promising next-generation photovoltaic technology, since they can be fabricated into low-cost, colorful, semitransparent, flexible, and large-area devices through printing process. In the past decades, enormous efforts have been dedicated to improving power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of OSCs, such as designing high-performance photovoltaic materials, optimizing device interfacial layers, controlling active layer morphology, developing new device architectures, and elucidating device working mechanism. Nowadays, the PCEs of small-area OSCs have exceeded 18%. In addition, in order to realize commercialization of OSCs, considerable progress has been made in manufacturing large-area OSCs, reducing cost, improving lifetime, and exploring potential applications in building integrated photovoltaics and indoor photovoltaics. Chinese researchers have made pioneering and leading contributions in this field. In this review, first, we briefly introduce basic knowledge of OSCs; then, summarize important recent research progress in terms of molecular engineering, device engineering, device physics and application exploration; finally, analyze challenges and future prospects of this field.

Key words: organic solar cell, molecular engineering, device engineering, device physics, application exploration

引用此文

李腾飞, 占肖卫. 有机光伏研究进展[J]. 化学学报, 2021, 79(3): 257-283.

Tengfei Li, Xiaowei Zhan. Advances in Organic Photovoltaics[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(3): 257-283.

导出引用 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks

分享此文

图/表 28

图1. 本体异质结型有机太阳能电池的(a)器件结构、(b)输出特性J-V曲线和(c)工作机理(以激发给体为例)

Figure 1. (a) The device structure, (b) output characteristic current density-voltage curve, and (c) working mechanism of BHJ OSCs (take the example of donor excitation)

图2. 富勒烯及其代表性衍生物的化学结构

Figure 2. Chemical structures of fullerenes and their representative derivatives

图3. 富勒烯电池中代表性聚合物给体的化学结构

Figure 3. Chemical structures of representative polymer electron donors in fullerene-based OSCs

图4. 富勒烯电池中代表性小分子给体的化学结构

Figure 4. Chemical structures of representative small-molecule electron donors in fullerene-based OSCs

Donor	λ_max^a/ nm	E_g^b/ eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_h^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Acceptor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	PC₆₁BM	0.63	9.5	68	5^e	^[38]
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	IC₇₀BA	0.870	11.35	75.0	7.40	^[11]
POD2T-DTBT	-	1.59	-5.18/-	0.20 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.722	12.3	70.5	6.26	^[13]
FBT-Th₄(1,4)	692	1.62	-5.36/-	1.92 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.76	16.2	62.1	7.64	^[14]
PffBT4T-C₉C₁₃	-	-	-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.7907	19.8	73.5	11.48	^[15]
PNTz4T	725	1.54	-5.16/-3.77	0.56 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.708	19.4	73.4	10.1	^[16]
PNTT	747	1.42	-5.36/-3.48	-	PC₇₁BM	0.77	20.5	71.6	11.3	^[17]
PTB7	-	1.63	-5.15/-3.31	5.8×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	14.50	68.97	7.40	^[22]
PBDTTT-C-T	692	1.58	-5.11/-3.25	0.011 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	17.48	58.7	7.59	^[23]
PTB7-Th	-	1.58	-5.22/-3.64	-	PC₇₁BM	0.80	15.73	74.3	9.35	^[24]
FTAZ	-	2.0	-5.36/-3.05	6.76×10^-5 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.79	12.45	72.2	7.10	^[25]
PTzBI	587	1.81	-5.34/-3.46	-	PC₇₁BM	0.87	13.50	73.95	8.63	^[26]
PBDB-T	622	-	-5.23/-3.18	-	PC₆₁BM	0.86	10.68	72.27	6.67	^[27]
PM6	614	1.80	-5.45/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.98	12.7	74	9.2	^[28]
PDBT-T1	628	1.85	-5.36/-3.43	0.03 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.11	75.0	9.74	^[29]
PBT1-C	-	1.84	-5.43/-3.36	1.8×10^-3 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.93	13.1	78.9	9.7^f	^[30]
DTS(PTTh₂)₂	-	1.5	-5.2/-3.6	0.12 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.78	14.4	59.3	6.70	^[31]
IDTT-FBT-3T	645	1.69	-5.26/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.95	12.4	55	6.54	^[32]
DRCN5T	685	1.60	-5.22/-3.41	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	15.88	69	10.08	^[33]
DR3TSBDT	633	1.74	-5.07/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.61	74	9.95	^[34]
BTR	620	1.82	-5.34/-3.52	0.1 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.90	13.90	74	9.3	^[35]
BTID-2F	-	1.68	-5.33/-3.46	3×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.95	15.7	76.0	11.3	^[36]
DPPEZnP-TEH	802	1.37	-5.14/-3.76	1.12×10^-3 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.78	16.76	61..80	8.08	^[37]

Donor	λ_max^a/ nm	E_g^b/ eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_h^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Acceptor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	PC₆₁BM	0.63	9.5	68	5^e	^[38]
P3HT	552	1.9	-4.8/-2.7	-	IC₇₀BA	0.870	11.35	75.0	7.40	^[11]
POD2T-DTBT	-	1.59	-5.18/-	0.20 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.722	12.3	70.5	6.26	^[13]
FBT-Th₄(1,4)	692	1.62	-5.36/-	1.92 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.76	16.2	62.1	7.64	^[14]
PffBT4T-C₉C₁₃	-	-	-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.7907	19.8	73.5	11.48	^[15]
PNTz4T	725	1.54	-5.16/-3.77	0.56 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.708	19.4	73.4	10.1	^[16]
PNTT	747	1.42	-5.36/-3.48	-	PC₇₁BM	0.77	20.5	71.6	11.3	^[17]
PTB7	-	1.63	-5.15/-3.31	5.8×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	14.50	68.97	7.40	^[22]
PBDTTT-C-T	692	1.58	-5.11/-3.25	0.011 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.74	17.48	58.7	7.59	^[23]
PTB7-Th	-	1.58	-5.22/-3.64	-	PC₇₁BM	0.80	15.73	74.3	9.35	^[24]
FTAZ	-	2.0	-5.36/-3.05	6.76×10^-5 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.79	12.45	72.2	7.10	^[25]
PTzBI	587	1.81	-5.34/-3.46	-	PC₇₁BM	0.87	13.50	73.95	8.63	^[26]
PBDB-T	622	-	-5.23/-3.18	-	PC₆₁BM	0.86	10.68	72.27	6.67	^[27]
PM6	614	1.80	-5.45/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.98	12.7	74	9.2	^[28]
PDBT-T1	628	1.85	-5.36/-3.43	0.03 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.11	75.0	9.74	^[29]
PBT1-C	-	1.84	-5.43/-3.36	1.8×10^-3 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.93	13.1	78.9	9.7^f	^[30]
DTS(PTTh₂)₂	-	1.5	-5.2/-3.6	0.12 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.78	14.4	59.3	6.70	^[31]
IDTT-FBT-3T	645	1.69	-5.26/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.95	12.4	55	6.54	^[32]
DRCN5T	685	1.60	-5.22/-3.41	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	15.88	69	10.08	^[33]
DR3TSBDT	633	1.74	-5.07/-	-	PC₇₁BM	0.92	14.61	74	9.95	^[34]
BTR	620	1.82	-5.34/-3.52	0.1 (o)	PC₇₁BM	0.90	13.90	74	9.3	^[35]
BTID-2F	-	1.68	-5.33/-3.46	3×10^-4 (s)	PC₇₁BM	0.95	15.7	76.0	11.3	^[36]
DPPEZnP-TEH	802	1.37	-5.14/-3.76	1.12×10^-3 (s)	PC₆₁BM	0.78	16.76	61..80	8.08	^[37]

表1. 富勒烯电池中代表性给体材料的光电性质与光伏器件性能

Table 1. Optoelectronic properties and OSC device parameters for representative electron donors in fullerene-based OSCs

表1. 富勒烯电池中代表性给体材料的光电性质与光伏器件性能

Table 1. Optoelectronic properties and OSC device parameters for representative electron donors in fullerene-based OSCs

图5. 非富勒烯电池中涉及的新型给体的化学结构

Figure 5. Chemical structures of new electron donors used in nonfullerene-based OSCs

图6. 代表性酰亚胺类受体的化学结构

Figure 6. Chemical structures of representative imide-functionalized electron acceptors

Acceptor	λ_max^a/ nm	E_g^b/ eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
PPDIDTT	630	1.7	-5.9/-3.9	13×10^-3 (o)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.765	9.77	60.9	4.55^e	^[44]
PDI-V	598	1.74	-5.77/-4.03	1.9×10^-3 (s)	PTB7-Th	0.74	15.9	63	7.57	^[45]
NDP-V	547	1.91	-5.94/-4.03	2.5×10^-3 (s)	PTB7-Th	0.74	17.07	67	8.59	^[46]
hPDI4	-	-	-6.26/-3.91	-	PTB7-Th	0.80	15.2	68	8.3	^[47]
TPH-Se	530	-	-/-3.80	3.2×10^-3 (s)	PDBT-T1	1.00	12.99	71.5	9.28	^[48]
BFTPT	474	2.12	-/-3.88	-	PBDB-T	0.94	12.83	62.4	7.52	^[49]
Per 1	-	2.068	-6.12/-4.06	8×10^-3 (o)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.76	7.9	46	2.78	^[50]
SdiPBI-Se	474	2.22	-6.09/-3.87	6.4×10^-3 (s)	PDBT-T1	0.96	12.49	70.2	8.42	^[51]
SF-PDI₂	-	-	-5.99/-3.62	-	P3TEA	1.11	13.27	64.3	9.5	^[53]
S(TPA-PDI)	-	1.76	-5.40/-3.70	3×10^-5 (s)	PBDTTT-C-T	0.88	11.92	33.6	3.32	^[54]
TPO-PDI	535	2.09	-5.88/-3.70	-	P3TEA	0.99	14.89	74.7	11.01	^[55]
TPB	530	-	-5.71/-3.89	-	PTB7-Th	0.79	18.40	58	8.47	^[56]
FTTB-PDI4	404	1.88	-5.74/-3.58	-	P3TEA	1.13	13.89	65.9	10.58	^[57]
N2200	-	1.45	-/-4.0	0.85 (o)	PTzBI-Si	0.88	17.62	75.78	11.76	^[60]

表2. 代表性酰亚胺类受体的光电性质与光伏器件性能

Table 2. Optoelectronic properties and OSC device parameters for representative imide-functionalized electron acceptors

Acceptor	λ_max^a/nm	E_g^b/eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/(cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
ITIC	702	1.59	-5.48/-3.83	3×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.81	14.21	59.1	6.80	^[61]
					PBDB-T	0.899	16.81	74.2	11.21	^[62]
					J71	0.94	17.32	69.77	11.41	^[63]
NTIC	694	1.67	-5.58/-3.76	8.4×10^-5	PBDB-T	0.935	13.55	68.1	8.63	^[64]
FDICTF (F-H)	689	1.63	-5.43/-3.71	-	PBDB-T	0.94	15.81	66	10.06	^[65]
IOIC2	764	1.55	-5.41/-3.78	1.0×10^-3	FTAZ	0.900	19.7	69.3	12.3	^[66]
NFBDT	731	1.56	-5.40/-3.83	-	PBDB-T	0.868	17.85	67.2	10.42	^[67]
IHIC	748	1.38	-5.45/-3.93	2.4×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.792	18.4	72.5	10.6	^[125]
FOIC	836	1.32	-5.36/-3.92	4.7×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.743	24.0	67.1	12.0	^[69]
F5IC	694	1.64	-5.82/-4.05	8.1×10^-5	FTAZ	0.704	14.88	53.7	5.6	^[70]
F7IC (IT-4F)	730	1.56	-5.74/-4.01	1.5×10^-4	FTAZ	0.742	18.43	59.7	8.2	^[70]
					PBDB-T-SF	0.88	20.88	71.3	13.10	^[88]
					PBDB-T-2Cl	0.86	21.80	77	14.4	^[89]
					P2F-EHp	0.891	19.65	74.09	12.96	^[91]
F9IC (INIC3)	746	1.49	-5.52/-3.97	1.7×10^-4	FTAZ	0.873	20.20	66.4	11.7	^[70]
F11IC	740	1.47	-5.44/-3.94	1.4×10^-3	FTAZ	-	-	-	-	^[70]
F6IC	800	1.36	-5.66/-4.02	1.0×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.611	18.07	64.0	7.1	^[71]
F8IC	862	1.27	-5.43/-4.00	1.5×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.640	25.12	67.6	10.9	^[71]
F10IC	862	1.25	-5.26/-3.96	1.1×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.732	20.83	66.8	10.2	^[71]
AOIC	811	1.39	-5.50/-3.93	2.1×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.744	24.51	75.0	13.7	^[73]
IDT6CN-M	696	1.65	-5.60/-3.87	9.64×10^-4	PBDB-T	0.91	16.02	76.83	11.20	^[74]
TPTTT-2F	724	1.56	-5.69/-4.01	4.82×10^-4	PBT1-C	0.916	17.63	74.5	12.03	^[75]
IDTIDSe-IC	815	1.52	-5.41/-3.81	1.27×10^-5	J51	0.91	15.16	58.0	8.02	^[76]
CO_i8DFIC	-	1.26	-5.50/-3.88	-	PTB7-Th	0.68	26.12	68.2	12.16	^[77]
FO-2F	728	1.47	-5.72/-3.94	-	PM6	0.878	22.26	77	15.05	^[78]
IOIC3	765	1.45	-5.38/-3.84	1.5×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.762	22.9	74.9	13.1	^[79]
MO-IDIC-2F	697	1.55	-5.80/-3.93	1.01×10^-3	PTQ10	0.906	19.87	74.8	13.46	^[80]
SN6IC-4F	-	1.32	-5.52/-4.11	-	PBDB-T	0.78	23.2	73	13.2	^[82]
INPIC-4F	821	1.39	-5.42/-3.94	1.28×10^-3	PBDB-T	0.85	21.61	71.50	13.13	^[83]
M34	798	1.39	-5.60/-3.91	-	PM6	0.91	23.63	70.66	15.24	^[84]
Y1	802	1.44	-5.45/-3.95	-	PBDB-T	0.87	22.44	69.10	13.42	^[86]
Y6	821	1.33	-5.65/-4.10	3.3×10^-3	PM6	0.83	25.3	74.8	15.7	^[87]
Y6	821	1.33	-5.65/-4.10	3.3×10^-3	D18	0.859	27.70	76.6	18.22	^[4]
INIC	706	1.57	-5.45/-3.88	6.1×10^-5	FTAZ	0.957	13.51	57.9	7.5^e	^[72]
INIC1	720	1.56	-5.54/-3.97	1×10^-4	FTAZ	0.929	16.63	64.3	9.9^e	^[72]
INIC2	728	1.52	-5.52/-3.98	1.2×10^-4	FTAZ	0.903	17.56	66.8	10.6^e	^[72]
IT-M	700	1.60	-5.58/-3.98	-	PBDB-T	0.94	17.44	73.5	12.05	^[92]
IT-DM	692	1.63	-5.56/-3.93	-	PBDB-T	0.97	16.48	70.6	11.29	^[92]
IT-OM-2	706	1.59	-5.49/-3.86	1.9×10^-4	PBDB-T	0.93	17.53	73	11.9	^[93]
IT-4Cl	746	1.48	-5.75/-4.09	-	PM6	0.790	22.67	75.2	13.45	^[94]
FDNCTF	714	1.60	-5.42/-3.73	-	PBDB-T	0.93	16.5	72.7	11.2	^[96]
ITCC	670	1.67	-5.47/-3.76	9.26×10^-4	PBDB-T	1.01	15.9	71	11.4	^[97]
ITCPTC	715	1.65	-5.62/-3.96	6.47×10^-4	PBT1-EH	0.95	16.5	75.1	11.8	^[98]
ITC-2Cl	746	1.58	-5.58/-4.01	7.78×10^-4	PM6	0.91	20.1	74.1	13.6	^[100]
BTP-4Cl	839	1.33	-5.68/-4.12	-	PM6	0.867	25.4	75.0	16.5	^[101]
ZY-4Cl	-	-	-5.64/-3.67	-	P3HT	0.88	16.49	65	9.46	^[102]
BTP-2F-ThCl	839	1.34	-5.70/-3.99	5.56×10^-4	PM6	0.869	25.38	77.4	17.06	^[103]
BTP-S2	-	1.41	-5.65/-4.01	-	PM6	0.945	24.07	72.02	16.37	^[104]
IDIC	716	1.62	-5.69/-3.91	1.1×10^-3	PDBT-T1	0.89	15.05	65	8.71	^[105]
IDIC-C4Ph	714	1.62	-5.70/-3.93	-	PM6	0.941	19.06	78.32	14.04	^[106]
ITIC-Th	706	1.60	-5.66/-3.93	6.1×10^-4	PDBT-T1	0.88	16.24	67.1	9.6	^[107]
m-ITIC	700	1.58	-5.52/-3.82	2.45×10^-4	J61	0.912	18.31	70.55	11.77	^[108]
C8-ITIC	738	1.55	-5.63/-3.91	-	PFBDB-T	0.94	19.6	72	13.2	^[109]
FINIC	728	1.51	-5.56/-4.05	8.3×10^-4	PBDB-T-SF	0.87	22.0	73	14.0	^[110]
ITIC2	738	1.53	-5.43/-3.92	1.3×10^-3	FTAZ	0.925	18.88	63.0	11.0	^[111]
FNIC1	752	1.48	-5.61/-4.00	1.2×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.774	19.97	66.4	10.3	^[112]
FNIC2	794	1.38	-5.56/-3.93	1.7×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.741	23.93	73.4	13.0	^[112]
ITC6-IC	709	1.60	-5.73/-3.92	-	PBDB-T	0.97	16.41	73	11.61	^[113]
Y11	-	1.31	-5.69/-3.87	-	PM6	0.833	26.74	74.33	16.54	^[114]
IEIC	722	1.57	-5.42/-3.82	2.1×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.97	13.55	48	6.31	^[115]
IEICO	-	1.34	-5.32/-3.95	1.4×10^-4	PBDTTT-E-T	0.82	17.7	58	8.4	^[116]
IEICO-4F	-	1.24	-5.44/-4.19	1.14×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.739	22.8	59.4	10.0	^[117]
IDTCN-O	742	1.53	-5.54/-3.80	-	PBDB-T	0.91	19.96	73.2	13.28	^[118]
Acceptor	λ_max^a/nm	E_g^b/eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/(cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
IDT-2BR	658	1.68	-5.52/-3.69	3.4×10^-4	P3HT	0.84	8.91	68.1	5.12	^[119]
O-IDTBR	690	1.63	-5.51/-	-	P3HT	0.72	13.9	60	6.30^e	^[120]
ATT-3	692	1.61	-5.32/-3.40	-	P3HT	0.927	10.93	62	6.26	^[121]
BTA43	644	1.78	-5.44/-3.47	-	P3HT	0.89	10.84	68	6.56	^[122]
JC2	760	1.48	-5.48/-3.73	4.1×10^-4	P3HT	0.71	13.96	63	6.24	^[123]
TrBTIC	608	1.80	-5.56/-3.62	-	P3HT	0.88	13.04	71.9	8.25	^[124]

Acceptor	λ_max^a/nm	E_g^b/eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/(cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
ITIC	702	1.59	-5.48/-3.83	3×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.81	14.21	59.1	6.80	^[61]
					PBDB-T	0.899	16.81	74.2	11.21	^[62]
					J71	0.94	17.32	69.77	11.41	^[63]
NTIC	694	1.67	-5.58/-3.76	8.4×10^-5	PBDB-T	0.935	13.55	68.1	8.63	^[64]
FDICTF (F-H)	689	1.63	-5.43/-3.71	-	PBDB-T	0.94	15.81	66	10.06	^[65]
IOIC2	764	1.55	-5.41/-3.78	1.0×10^-3	FTAZ	0.900	19.7	69.3	12.3	^[66]
NFBDT	731	1.56	-5.40/-3.83	-	PBDB-T	0.868	17.85	67.2	10.42	^[67]
IHIC	748	1.38	-5.45/-3.93	2.4×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.792	18.4	72.5	10.6	^[125]
FOIC	836	1.32	-5.36/-3.92	4.7×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.743	24.0	67.1	12.0	^[69]
F5IC	694	1.64	-5.82/-4.05	8.1×10^-5	FTAZ	0.704	14.88	53.7	5.6	^[70]
F7IC (IT-4F)	730	1.56	-5.74/-4.01	1.5×10^-4	FTAZ	0.742	18.43	59.7	8.2	^[70]
					PBDB-T-SF	0.88	20.88	71.3	13.10	^[88]
					PBDB-T-2Cl	0.86	21.80	77	14.4	^[89]
					P2F-EHp	0.891	19.65	74.09	12.96	^[91]
F9IC (INIC3)	746	1.49	-5.52/-3.97	1.7×10^-4	FTAZ	0.873	20.20	66.4	11.7	^[70]
F11IC	740	1.47	-5.44/-3.94	1.4×10^-3	FTAZ	-	-	-	-	^[70]
F6IC	800	1.36	-5.66/-4.02	1.0×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.611	18.07	64.0	7.1	^[71]
F8IC	862	1.27	-5.43/-4.00	1.5×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.640	25.12	67.6	10.9	^[71]
F10IC	862	1.25	-5.26/-3.96	1.1×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.732	20.83	66.8	10.2	^[71]
AOIC	811	1.39	-5.50/-3.93	2.1×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.744	24.51	75.0	13.7	^[73]
IDT6CN-M	696	1.65	-5.60/-3.87	9.64×10^-4	PBDB-T	0.91	16.02	76.83	11.20	^[74]
TPTTT-2F	724	1.56	-5.69/-4.01	4.82×10^-4	PBT1-C	0.916	17.63	74.5	12.03	^[75]
IDTIDSe-IC	815	1.52	-5.41/-3.81	1.27×10^-5	J51	0.91	15.16	58.0	8.02	^[76]
CO_i8DFIC	-	1.26	-5.50/-3.88	-	PTB7-Th	0.68	26.12	68.2	12.16	^[77]
FO-2F	728	1.47	-5.72/-3.94	-	PM6	0.878	22.26	77	15.05	^[78]
IOIC3	765	1.45	-5.38/-3.84	1.5×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.762	22.9	74.9	13.1	^[79]
MO-IDIC-2F	697	1.55	-5.80/-3.93	1.01×10^-3	PTQ10	0.906	19.87	74.8	13.46	^[80]
SN6IC-4F	-	1.32	-5.52/-4.11	-	PBDB-T	0.78	23.2	73	13.2	^[82]
INPIC-4F	821	1.39	-5.42/-3.94	1.28×10^-3	PBDB-T	0.85	21.61	71.50	13.13	^[83]
M34	798	1.39	-5.60/-3.91	-	PM6	0.91	23.63	70.66	15.24	^[84]
Y1	802	1.44	-5.45/-3.95	-	PBDB-T	0.87	22.44	69.10	13.42	^[86]
Y6	821	1.33	-5.65/-4.10	3.3×10^-3	PM6	0.83	25.3	74.8	15.7	^[87]
Y6	821	1.33	-5.65/-4.10	3.3×10^-3	D18	0.859	27.70	76.6	18.22	^[4]
INIC	706	1.57	-5.45/-3.88	6.1×10^-5	FTAZ	0.957	13.51	57.9	7.5^e	^[72]
INIC1	720	1.56	-5.54/-3.97	1×10^-4	FTAZ	0.929	16.63	64.3	9.9^e	^[72]
INIC2	728	1.52	-5.52/-3.98	1.2×10^-4	FTAZ	0.903	17.56	66.8	10.6^e	^[72]
IT-M	700	1.60	-5.58/-3.98	-	PBDB-T	0.94	17.44	73.5	12.05	^[92]
IT-DM	692	1.63	-5.56/-3.93	-	PBDB-T	0.97	16.48	70.6	11.29	^[92]
IT-OM-2	706	1.59	-5.49/-3.86	1.9×10^-4	PBDB-T	0.93	17.53	73	11.9	^[93]
IT-4Cl	746	1.48	-5.75/-4.09	-	PM6	0.790	22.67	75.2	13.45	^[94]
FDNCTF	714	1.60	-5.42/-3.73	-	PBDB-T	0.93	16.5	72.7	11.2	^[96]
ITCC	670	1.67	-5.47/-3.76	9.26×10^-4	PBDB-T	1.01	15.9	71	11.4	^[97]
ITCPTC	715	1.65	-5.62/-3.96	6.47×10^-4	PBT1-EH	0.95	16.5	75.1	11.8	^[98]
ITC-2Cl	746	1.58	-5.58/-4.01	7.78×10^-4	PM6	0.91	20.1	74.1	13.6	^[100]
BTP-4Cl	839	1.33	-5.68/-4.12	-	PM6	0.867	25.4	75.0	16.5	^[101]
ZY-4Cl	-	-	-5.64/-3.67	-	P3HT	0.88	16.49	65	9.46	^[102]
BTP-2F-ThCl	839	1.34	-5.70/-3.99	5.56×10^-4	PM6	0.869	25.38	77.4	17.06	^[103]
BTP-S2	-	1.41	-5.65/-4.01	-	PM6	0.945	24.07	72.02	16.37	^[104]
IDIC	716	1.62	-5.69/-3.91	1.1×10^-3	PDBT-T1	0.89	15.05	65	8.71	^[105]
IDIC-C4Ph	714	1.62	-5.70/-3.93	-	PM6	0.941	19.06	78.32	14.04	^[106]
ITIC-Th	706	1.60	-5.66/-3.93	6.1×10^-4	PDBT-T1	0.88	16.24	67.1	9.6	^[107]
m-ITIC	700	1.58	-5.52/-3.82	2.45×10^-4	J61	0.912	18.31	70.55	11.77	^[108]
C8-ITIC	738	1.55	-5.63/-3.91	-	PFBDB-T	0.94	19.6	72	13.2	^[109]
FINIC	728	1.51	-5.56/-4.05	8.3×10^-4	PBDB-T-SF	0.87	22.0	73	14.0	^[110]
ITIC2	738	1.53	-5.43/-3.92	1.3×10^-3	FTAZ	0.925	18.88	63.0	11.0	^[111]
FNIC1	752	1.48	-5.61/-4.00	1.2×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.774	19.97	66.4	10.3	^[112]
FNIC2	794	1.38	-5.56/-3.93	1.7×10^-3	PTB7-Th	0.741	23.93	73.4	13.0	^[112]
ITC6-IC	709	1.60	-5.73/-3.92	-	PBDB-T	0.97	16.41	73	11.61	^[113]
Y11	-	1.31	-5.69/-3.87	-	PM6	0.833	26.74	74.33	16.54	^[114]
IEIC	722	1.57	-5.42/-3.82	2.1×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.97	13.55	48	6.31	^[115]
IEICO	-	1.34	-5.32/-3.95	1.4×10^-4	PBDTTT-E-T	0.82	17.7	58	8.4	^[116]
IEICO-4F	-	1.24	-5.44/-4.19	1.14×10^-4	PTB7-Th	0.739	22.8	59.4	10.0	^[117]
IDTCN-O	742	1.53	-5.54/-3.80	-	PBDB-T	0.91	19.96	73.2	13.28	^[118]
Acceptor	λ_max^a/nm	E_g^b/eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/(cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
IDT-2BR	658	1.68	-5.52/-3.69	3.4×10^-4	P3HT	0.84	8.91	68.1	5.12	^[119]
O-IDTBR	690	1.63	-5.51/-	-	P3HT	0.72	13.9	60	6.30^e	^[120]
ATT-3	692	1.61	-5.32/-3.40	-	P3HT	0.927	10.93	62	6.26	^[121]
BTA43	644	1.78	-5.44/-3.47	-	P3HT	0.89	10.84	68	6.56	^[122]
JC2	760	1.48	-5.48/-3.73	4.1×10^-4	P3HT	0.71	13.96	63	6.24	^[123]
TrBTIC	608	1.80	-5.56/-3.62	-	P3HT	0.88	13.04	71.9	8.25	^[124]

表3. 代表性稠环电子受体的光电性质与光伏器件性能

Table 3. Optoelectronic properties and OSC device parameters for representative FREAs

表3. 代表性稠环电子受体的光电性质与光伏器件性能

Table 3. Optoelectronic properties and OSC device parameters for representative FREAs

图7. 稠核工程中的代表性稠环电子受体的化学结构

Figure 7. Chemical structures of representative FREAs in fused-ring core engineering

图8. 端基工程中的代表性稠环电子受体的化学结构

Figure 8. Chemical structures of representative FREAs in end-capped group engineering

图9. 侧链工程中的代表性稠环电子受体的化学结构

Figure 9. Chemical structures of representative FREAs in side chain engineering

图10. π桥工程中的代表性稠环电子受体的化学结构

Figure 10. Chemical structures of representative FREAs in π-bridge engineering

图11. 非富勒烯电池中代表性的其他类有机光伏材料的化学结构

Figure 11. Chemical structures of representative other types of organic photovoltaic materials in nonfullerene-based OSCs

Acceptor	λ_max^a/nm	E_g^b/eV	HOMO/LUMO^c /eV	μ_e^d/ (cm²·V^-1·s^-1)	Donor	V_OC/V	J_SC/ (mA·cm^-2)	FF/%	PCE/%	Ref.
PZ1	700	1.55	-5.74/-3.86	3×10^-4	PM6	0.96	17.1	68.2	11.2	^[127]
PJ1	798	1.41	-5.64/-3.82	-	PBDB-T	0.90	22.6	71	14.4	^[128]
PTIC	747	1.52	-5.59/-3.81	-	PM6	0.93	16.73	66	10.27	^[129]
o-4TBC-2F	681	1.47	-5.63/-4.00	-	PBDB-T	0.76	20.48	65.7	10.26	^[130]
PBN-12	659	1.78	-5.52/-3.45	1.69×10^-3	CD1	1.17	13.39	64	10.07	^[131]
JP02	-	-	-5.76/-3.70	2.7×10^-4/ 5.9×10^-5 ^e	JP02	0.94	12.81	69	8.4	^[132]

表4. 代表性的其他类有机光伏材料的光电性质与光伏器件性能

Table 4. Optoelectronic properties and OSC device parameters for representative other types of organic photovoltaic materials

图12. 界面修饰层在正/反向器件中实现欧姆接触与电荷选择的示意图[133]

Figure 12. Energy level alignment in conventional and inverted OSCs with interfacial layers providing Ohmic contacts and charge selectivity at both electrodes[133]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 133 Copyright (2012) Royal Society of Chemistry.

图13. 代表性的阳极与阴极修饰材料的化学结构

Figure 13. Chemical structures of representative anode and cathode interfacial materials

图14. 旋涂法和刮涂法制备的PBDB-T:ITIC共混膜的器件效率衰减曲线[147]

Figure 14. PCE decay curves of spin-coated and blade-coated devices based on PBDB-T:ITIC[147]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 147 Copyright (2018) Wiley-VCH.

图15. (a) PTB7-Th:FOIC:PQDs的能级结构图; 基于PTB7-Th:FOIC和PTB7-Th:FOIC:PQDs器件的(b)电致发光效率曲线、(c) J-V曲线和(d) EQE光谱[152]

Figure 15. (a) Energy level diagram of PTB7-Th:FOIC:PQDs (unit: eV); (b) EQEEL, (c) J-V curves, and (d) EQE spectra of the devices based on PTB7-Th:FOIC with or without PQDs[152]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 152 Copyright (2020) Wiley-VCH.

图16. 叠层器件的(a)结构示意图、(b)能级结构图、(c) J-V曲线和(d) EQE光谱[155]

Figure 16. (a) Device architecture, (b) energy level diagram, (c) J-V curve, and (d) EQE spectra of the tandem solar cell[155]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 155 Copyright (2018) American Association for the Advancement of Science.

图17. (a) IDIC的分子结构、荧光共振能量转移示意图、吸收和荧光光谱图[157]; (b) PTQ11和TPT10的分子结构和能级图[160]

Figure 17. (a) Chemical structure of IDIC, schematics of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and absorption and photoluminescence spectra[157]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 157 Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society. (b) Chemical structures and energy level diagram of PTQ11 and TPT10[160]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 160 Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society.

图18. 单结电池组件的(a)每道工艺流程的成本构成、(b)直接加工成本构成和(c)材料成本构成[165]

Figure 18. (a) Each process cost distribution, (b) direct manufacturing cost distribution, and (c) material cost distribution of single solar module[165]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 165 Copyright (2019) Wiley-VCH.

图19. (a)不同光氧化时间下, ITIC薄膜和ITIC+2 wt% S6薄膜的照片; (b)在空气中使用太阳光模拟器(100 mW·cm-2)连续光照下, 未封装反向器件(ITO/ZnO/J71:ITIC/MoO3/Ag)的效率衰减图(取6个器件的平均值)[169]

Figure 19. (a) Photographs of photo-oxidized ITIC films upon different times of exposure in air without and with 2 wt% S6; (b) depiction of the temporal evolution of PCE of unencapsulated devices with a device structure of ITO/ZnO/J71:ITIC/MoO3/Ag which were continuously light soaked in dry air using a solar simulator (100 mW·cm-2; an average of six devices)[169]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 169 Copyright (2019) Royal Society of Chemistry.

图20. (a)刮涂工艺示意图, (b)热蒸发阴极的金属掩模设计, (c)最优的大面积器件的膜厚分布, 以及大面积模组设计原理图的(d)顶视图和(e)侧视图[175]

Figure 20. (a) Blade-coating process diagram; (b) metal mask layout for thermally evaporated cathode; (c) one of the best film thickness distribution of large-area device; (d) top view and (e) side view of the schematic diagrams for the large-area device design[175]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 175 Copyright (2019) Wiley-VCH.

图21. PDTP-DFBT和FOIC的(a)化学结构和(b)薄膜吸收光谱[182]; (c)多彩半透明有机光伏器件结构及Bis-FIMG的化学结构[184]; (d)温室顶棚的示意图[187]

Figure 21. (a) Chemical structures and (b) absorption spectra of PDTP-DFBT and FOIC[182]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 182 Copyright (2019) Wiley-VCH. (c) Structure of colorful semitransparent OSCs and chemical structure of Bis-FIMG[184]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 184 Copyright (2020) American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic of flexible transparent organic photovoltaics (TOPV) utilized for photosynthesis in plants[187]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 187 Copyright (2019) American Chemical Society.

图22. (a)在循环弯折机上弯曲半径为4 mm的柔性器件的照片; (b)向内和向外弯折测试的示意图; 柔性器件不同情况下的效率衰减图: (c)不同透明电极的弯折测试, 弯曲半径均为4 mm; (d)不同弯曲半径下, Em-Ag/AgNWs:AZO-SG透明电极向内弯折1200次; (e) Em-Ag/AgNWs:AZO-SG透明电极的弯折测试, 弯曲半径均为4 mm[189]

Figure 22. (a) Photographs of a flexible OSC with a 4 mm bending radius on a cyclic bending machine; (b) schematics of the inward and outward bending tests; relative PCE decay of flexible OSCs based on: (c) different transparent electrode versus bending cycles at a radius of 4 mm; (d) Em-Ag/AgNWs:AZO-SG transparent electrode versus bending radius after 1200 bending cycles in the inward direction, and (e) Em-Ag/AgNWs:AZO-SG transparent electrode versus bending cycles at a radius of 4 mm in the inward direction[189]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 189 Copyright (2020) Wiley-VCH.

图23. 2015年米兰世博会上Belectirc公司展示的有机光伏大面积组件的应用[192]

Figure 23. Large scale deployment of Belectirc OPV modules at the Universal Exhibition Milan 2015[192]. Ref. 192 Copyright (2016) The Authors, under Creative Commons CC BY license.

图24. 有机光伏未来研究重点与目标

Figure 24. The research focus and target of organic photovoltaics in the near future

参考文献 192

[1]	Kearns, D.; Calvin, M. J. Chem. Phys. 1958, 29,950.
[2]	Tang, C. W. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1986, 48,183.
[3]	Yu, G.; Gao, J.; Hummelen, J. C.; Wudl, F.; Heeger, A. J. Science 1995, 270,1789.
[4]	Liu, Q.; Jiang, Y.; Jin, K.; Qin, J.; Xu, J.; Li, W.; Xiong, J.; Liu, J.; Xiao, Z.; Sun, K.; Yang, S.; Zhang, X.; Ding, L. Sci. Bull. 2020, 65,272. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.01.001
[5]	Hummelen, J. C.; Knight, B. W.; LePeq, F.; Wudl, F.; Yao, J.; Wilkins, C. L. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60,532.
[6]	Wienk, M. M.; Kroon, J. M.; Verhees, W. J. H.; Knol, J.; Hummelen, J. C.; van Hal, P. A.; Janssen, R. A. J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2003, 115,3493. doi: 10.1002/ange.200351647
[7]	He, Y.; Chen, H. Y.; Hou, J.; Li, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132,1377. doi: 10.1021/ja908602j pmid: 20055460
[8]	He, Y.; Zhao, G.; Peng, B.; Li, Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20,3383.
[9]	Padinger, F.; Rittberger, R. S.; Sariciftci, N. S. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2003, 13,85.
[10]	Li, G.; Shrotriya, V.; Huang, J.; Yao, Y.; Moriarty, T.; Emery, K.; Yang, Y. Nat. Mater. 2005, 4,864.
[11]	Guo, X.; Cui, C.; Zhang, M.; Huo, L.; Huang, Y.; Hou, J.; Li, Y. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5,7943.
[12]	Svensson, M.; Zhang, F.; Veenstra, S. C.; Verhees, W. J. H.; Hummelen, J. C.; Kroon, J. M.; Inganäs, O.; Andersson, M. R. Adv. Mater. 2003, 15,988. doi: 10.1002/adma.200304150
[13]	Ong, K. H.; Lim, S. L.; Tan, H. S.; Wong, H. K.; Li, J.; Ma, Z.; Moh, L. C.; Lim, S. H.; de Mello, J. C.; Chen, Z. K. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23,1409. doi: 10.1002/adma.201003903 pmid: 21400606
[14]	Chen, Z.; Cai, P.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Zhang, L.; Lan, L.; Peng, J.; Ma, Y.; Cao, Y. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26,2586. doi: 10.1002/adma.201305092 pmid: 24488944
[15]	Zhao, J.; Li, Y.; Yang, G.; Jiang, K.; Lin, H.; Ade, H.; Ma, W.; Yan, H. Nat. Energy. 2016, 1,15027. doi: 10.1038/nenergy.2015.27
[16]	Vohra, V.; Kawashima, K.; Kakara, T.; Koganezawa, T.; Osaka, I.; Takimiya, K.; Murata, H. Nat. Photon. 2015, 9,403.
[17]	Jin, Y.; Chen, Z.; Xiao, M.; Peng, J.; Fan, B.; Ying, L.; Zhang, G.; Jiang, X.-F.; Yin, Q.; Liang, Z.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7,1700944.
[18]	Hou, J.; Park, M.-H.; Zhang, S.; Yao, Y.; Chen, L.-M.; Li, J.-H.; Yang, Y. Macromolecules 2008, 41,6012.
[19]	Huo, L.; Hou, J.; Zhang, S.; Chen, H.-Y.; Yang, Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 122,1542.
[20]	Yao, H.; Ye, L.; Zhang, H.; Li, S.; Zhang, S.; Hou, J. Chem. Rev. 2016, 116,7397. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00176 pmid: 27251307
[21]	Liang, Y.; Feng, D.; Wu, Y.; Tsai, S.-T.; Li, G.; Ray, C.; Yu, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131,7792. pmid: 19453105
[22]	Liang, Y.; Xu, Z.; Xia, J.; Tsai, S. T.; Wu, Y.; Li, G.; Ray, C.; Yu, L. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22,135.
[23]	Huo, L.; Zhang, S.; Guo, X.; Xu, F.; Li, Y.; Hou, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50,9697.
[24]	Liao, S. H.; Jhuo, H. J.; Cheng, Y. S.; Chen, S. A. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25,4766. doi: 10.1002/adma.201301476 pmid: 23939927
[25]	Price, S. C.; Stuart, A. C.; Yang, L.; Zhou, H.; You, W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133,4625. doi: 10.1021/ja1112595 pmid: 21375339
[26]	Lan, L.; Chen, Z.; Hu, Q.; Ying, L.; Zhu, R.; Liu, F.; Russell, T. P.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. Adv. Sci. 2016, 3,1600032.
[27]	Qian, D.; Ye, L.; Zhang, M.; Liang, Y.; Li, L.; Huang, Y.; Guo, X.; Zhang, S.; Tan, Z. a.; Hou, J. Macromolecules 2012, 45,9611.
[28]	Zhang, M.; Guo, X.; Ma, W.; Ade, H.; Hou, J. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27,4655. doi: 10.1002/adma.201502110 pmid: 26173152
[29]	Huo, L.; Liu, T.; Sun, X.; Cai, Y.; Heeger, A. J.; Sun, Y. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27,2938. pmid: 25833465
[30]	Liu, T.; Huo, L.; Chandrabose, S.; Chen, K.; Han, G.; Qi, F.; Meng, X.; Xie, D.; Ma, W.; Yi, Y.; Hodgkiss, J. M.; Liu, F.; Wang, J.; Yang, C.; Sun, Y. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1707353. doi: 10.1002/adma.201707353
[31]	Sun, Y.; Welch, G. C.; Leong, W. L.; Takacs, C. J.; Bazan, G. C.; Heeger, A. J. Nat. Mater. 2012, 11,44. doi: 10.1038/nmat3160 pmid: 22057387
[32]	Intemann, J. J.; Yao, K.; Ding, F.; Xu, Y.; Xin, X.; Li, X.; Jen, A. K. Y. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2015, 25,4889.
[33]	Kan, B.; Li, M.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, F.; Wan, X.; Wang, Y.; Ni, W.; Long, G.; Yang, X.; Feng, H.; Zuo, Y.; Zhang, M.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y.; Russell, T. P.; Chen, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137,3886. pmid: 25736989
[34]	Kan, B.; Zhang, Q.; Li, M.; Wan, X.; Ni, W.; Long, G.; Wang, Y.; Yang, X.; Feng, H.; Chen, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136,15529. doi: 10.1021/ja509703k pmid: 25337798
[35]	Sun, K.; Xiao, Z.; Lu, S.; Zajaczkowski, W.; Pisula, W.; Hanssen, E.; White, J. M.; Williamson, R. M.; Subbiah, J.; Ouyang, J.; Holmes, A. B.; Wong, W. W. H.; Jones, D. J. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6,6013. pmid: 25586307
[36]	Deng, D.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Z.; Zhu, L.; Fang, J.; Xia, B.; Wang, Z.; Lu, K.; Ma, W.; Wei, Z. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7,13740. pmid: 27991486
[37]	Gao, K.; Li, L.; Lai, T.; Xiao, L.; Huang, Y.; Huang, F.; Peng, J.; Cao, Y.; Liu, F.; Russell, T. P.; Janssen, R. A. J.; Peng, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137,7282. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b03740 pmid: 26035342
[38]	Ma, W.; Yang, C.; Gong, X.; Lee, K.; Heeger, A. J. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2005, 15,1617.
[39]	Wang, J.; Zhan, X. Trends Chem. 2019, 1,869.
[40]	Wang, J.; Zhan, X. Acc. Chem. Res. 2021, 54,132. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00575 pmid: 33284599
[41]	Fu, H.; Wang, Z.; Sun, Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2019, 58,4442.
[42]	Huo, Y.; Zhang, H.-L.; Zhan, X. ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4,1241.
[43]	Zhan, X.; Tan, Z.; Domercq, B.; An, Z.; Zhang, X.; Barlow, S.; Li, Y.; Zhu, D.; Kippelen, B.; Marder, S. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129,7246. pmid: 17508752
[44]	Cheng, P.; Yan, C.; Li, Y.; Ma, W.; Zhan, X. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8,2357. doi: 10.1039/C5EE01838B
[45]	Guo, Y.; Li, Y.; Awartani, O.; Zhao, J.; Han, H.; Ade, H.; Zhao, D.; Yan, H. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28,8483. pmid: 27500562
[46]	Guo, Y.; Li, Y.; Awartani, O.; Han, H.; Zhao, J.; Ade, H.; Yan, H.; Zhao, D. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29,1700309.
[47]	Zhong, Y.; Trinh, M. T.; Chen, R.; Purdum, G. E.; Khlyabich, P. P.; Sezen, M.; Oh, S.; Zhu, H.; Fowler, B.; Zhang, B.; Wang, W.; Nam, C. Y.; Sfeir, M. Y.; Black, C. T.; Steigerwald, M. L.; Loo, Y. L.; Ng, F.; Zhu, X. Y.; Nuckolls, C. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6,8242. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9242 pmid: 26382113
[48]	Meng, D.; Fu, H.; Xiao, C.; Meng, X.; Winands, T.; Ma, W.; Wei, W.; Fan, B.; Huo, L.; Doltsinis, N. L.; Li, Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, Z. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138,10184. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b04368 pmid: 27440216
[49]	Yang, L.; Gu, W.; Lv, L.; Chen, Y.; Yang, Y.; Ye, P.; Wu, J.; Hong, L.; Peng, A.; Huang, H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57,1096.
[50]	Rajaram, S.; Shivanna, R.; Kandappa, S. K.; Narayan, K. S. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3,2405. pmid: 26292123
[51]	Meng, D.; Sun, D.; Zhong, C.; Liu, T.; Fan, B.; Huo, L.; Li, Y.; Jiang, W.; Choi, H.; Kim, T.; Kim, J. Y.; Sun, Y.; Wang, Z.-h.; Heeger, A. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 128,375.
[52]	Yan, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Zheng, Y.-Q.; Pei, J.; Zhao, D. Chem. Sci. 2013, 4,4389.
[53]	Liu, J.; Chen, S. S.; Qian, D. P.; Gautam, B.; Yang, G. F.; Zhao, J. B.; Bergqvist, J.; Zhang, F. L.; Ma, W.; Ade, H.; Inganas, O.; Gundogdu, K.; Gao, F.; Yan, H. Nat. Energy 2016, 1,16089.
[54]	Lin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Hou, J.; Li, Y.; Zhu, D.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26,5137. doi: 10.1002/adma.201400525 pmid: 24659432
[55]	Zhang, G.; Feng, J.; Xu, X.; Ma, W.; Li, Y.; Peng, Q. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29,1906587. doi: 10.1002/adfm.v29.50
[56]	Wu, Q.; Zhao, D.; Schneider, A. M.; Chen, W.; Yu, L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138,7248. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b03562 pmid: 27219665
[57]	Zhang, J.; Li, Y.; Huang, J.; Hu, H.; Zhang, G.; Ma, T.; Chow, P. C. Y.; Ade, H.; Pan, D.; Yan, H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139,16092. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b09998 pmid: 29112393
[58]	Chen, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Yan, H.; Facchetti, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131,8. pmid: 19090656
[59]	Yan, H.; Chen, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Newman, C.; Quinn, J. R.; Dotz, F.; Kastler, M.; Facchetti, A. Nature 2009, 457,679. doi: 10.1038/nature07727 pmid: 19158674
[60]	Zhu, L.; Zhong, W.; Qiu, C.; Lyu, B.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, M.; Song, J.; Xu, J.; Wang, J.; Ali, J.; Feng, W.; Shi, Z.; Gu, X.; Ying, L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, F. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31,1902899.
[61]	Lin, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z. G.; Bai, H.; Li, Y.; Zhu, D.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2015, 27,1170. pmid: 25580826
[62]	Zhao, W.; Qian, D.; Zhang, S.; Li, S.; Inganas, O.; Gao, F.; Hou, J. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28,4734. pmid: 27061511
[63]	Bin, H.; Gao, L.; Zhang, Z. G.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, C.; Chen, S.; Xue, L.; Yang, C.; Xiao, M.; Li, Y. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7,13651. doi: 10.1038/ncomms13651 pmid: 27905397
[64]	Yi, Y.-Q.-Q.; Feng, H.; Chang, M.; Zhang, H.; Wan, X.; Li, C.; Chen, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5,17204. doi: 10.1039/C7TA05809H
[65]	Qiu, N.; Zhang, H.; Wan, X.; Li, C.; Ke, X.; Feng, H.; Kan, B.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, Q.; Lu, Y.; Chen, Y. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29,1604964.
[66]	Zhu, J.; Ke, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Wang, J.; Dai, S.; Wu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Lin, Y.; Ma, W.; You, W.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1704713.
[67]	Kan, B.; Feng, H.; Wan, X.; Liu, F.; Ke, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Li, C.; Hou, J.; Chen, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139,4929. pmid: 28298084
[68]	Wang, W.; Yan, C.; Lau, T. K.; Wang, J.; Liu, K.; Fan, Y.; Lu, X.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29,1701308. doi: 10.1002/adma.201701308
[69]	Li, T.; Dai, S.; Ke, Z.; Yang, L.; Wang, J.; Yan, C.; Ma, W.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1705969. doi: 10.1002/adma.201705969
[70]	Dai, S.; Xiao, Y.; Xue, P.; James Rech, J.; Liu, K.; Li, Z.; Lu, X.; You, W.; Zhan, X. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30,5390. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02222
[71]	Dai, S.; Li, T.; Wang, W.; Xiao, Y.; Lau, T. K.; Li, Z.; Liu, K.; Lu, X.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1706571.
[72]	Dai, S.; Zhao, F.; Zhang, Q.; Lau, T. K.; Li, T.; Liu, K.; Ling, Q.; Wang, C.; Lu, X.; You, W.; Zhan, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139,1336. pmid: 28059503
[73]	Jia, B.; Wang, J.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, Y.; Tang, Z.; Russell, T. P.; Zhan, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141,19023. pmid: 31697077
[74]	Gao, W.; Zhang, M.; Liu, T.; Ming, R.; An, Q.; Wu, K.; Xie, D.; Luo, Z.; Zhong, C.; Liu, F.; Zhang, F.; Yan, H.; Yang, C. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1800052. doi: 10.1002/adma.v30.26
[75]	Song, J.; Li, C.; Ye, L.; Koh, C.; Cai, Y.; Wei, D.; Woo, H. Y.; Sun, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2018, 6,18847.
[76]	Li, Y.; Qian, D.; Zhong, L.; Lin, J.-D.; Jiang, Z.-Q.; Zhang, Z.-G.; Zhang, Z.; Li, Y.; Liao, L.-S.; Zhang, F. Nano Energy 2016, 27,430.
[77]	Xiao, Z.; Jia, X.; Li, D.; Wang, S.; Geng, X.; Liu, F.; Chen, J.; Yang, S.; Russell, T. P.; Ding, L. Sci. Bull. 2017, 62,1494.
[78]	Ke, X.; Meng, L.; Wan, X.; Li, M.; Sun, Y.; Guo, Z.; Wu, S.; Zhang, H.; Li, C.; Chen, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8,9726. doi: 10.1039/D0TA03087B
[79]	Zhu, J.; Xiao, Y.; Wang, J.; Liu, K.; Jiang, H.; Lin, Y.; Lu, X.; Zhan, X. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30,4150.
[80]	Li, X.; Pan, F.; Sun, C.; Zhang, M.; Wang, Z.; Du, J.; Wang, J.; Xiao, M.; Xue, L.; Zhang, Z. G.; Zhang, C.; Liu, F.; Li, Y. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10,519. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08508-3 pmid: 30705277
[81]	Sun, C.; Pan, F.; Bin, H.; Zhang, J.; Xue, L.; Qiu, B.; Wei, Z.; Zhang, Z. G.; Li, Y. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9,743. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03207-x pmid: 29467393
[82]	Huang, C.; Liao, X.; Gao, K.; Zuo, L.; Lin, F.; Shi, X.; Li, C.-Z.; Liu, H.; Li, X.; Liu, F.; Chen, Y.; Chen, H.; Jen, A. K. Y. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30,5429.
[83]	Sun, J.; Ma, X.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, J.; Zhou, J.; Yin, X.; Yang, L.; Geng, R.; Zhu, R.; Zhang, F.; Tang, W. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1707150. doi: 10.1002/adma.v30.16
[84]	Ma, Y.; Cai, D.; Wan, S.; Wang, P.; Wang, J.; Zheng, Q. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59,21627.
[85]	Li, S.; Li, C.-Z.; Shi, M.; Chen, H. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5,1554.
[86]	Yuan, J.; Huang, T.; Cheng, P.; Zou, Y.; Zhang, H.; Yang, J. L.; Chang, S. Y.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, W.; Wang, R.; Meng, D.; Gao, F.; Yang, Y. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10,570. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08386-9 pmid: 30718494
[87]	Yuan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, G.; Yip, H.-L.; Lau, T.-K.; Lu, X.; Zhu, C.; Peng, H.; Johnson, P. A.; Leclerc, M.; Cao, Y.; Ulanski, J.; Li, Y.; Zou, Y. Joule 2019, 3,1140.
[88]	Zhao, W.; Li, S.; Yao, H.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, B.; Hou, J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139,7148. doi: 10.1021/jacs.7b02677 pmid: 28513158
[89]	Zhang, S.; Qin, Y.; Zhu, J.; Hou, J. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1800868.
[90]	Fan, Q.; Zhu, Q.; Xu, Z.; Su, W.; Chen, J.; Wu, J.; Guo, X.; Ma, W.; Zhang, M.; Li, Y. Nano Energy 2018, 48,413.
[91]	Fan, B.; Du, X.; Liu, F.; Zhong, W.; Ying, L.; Xie, R.; Tang, X.; An, K.; Xin, J.; Li, N.; Ma, W.; Brabec, C. J.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. Nat. Energy 2018, 3,1051. doi: 10.1038/s41560-018-0263-4
[92]	Li, S.; Ye, L.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, S.; Mukherjee, S.; Ade, H.; Hou, J. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28,9423. pmid: 27606970
[93]	Li, S.; Ye, L.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, S.; Ade, H.; Hou, J. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7,1700183.
[94]	Zhang, H.; Yao, H.; Hou, J.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, J.; Li, W.; Yu, R.; Gao, B.; Zhang, S.; Hou, J. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1800613.
[95]	Yao, H.; Wang, J.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Hou, J. Acc. Chem. Res. 2020, 53,822. doi: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00009 pmid: 32216329
[96]	Feng, H.; Qiu, N.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Kan, B.; Wan, X.; Zhang, M.; Xia, A.; Li, C.; Liu, F.; Zhang, H.; Chen, Y. Chem. Mater. 2017, 29,7908. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02811
[97]	Yao, H.; Ye, L.; Hou, J.; Jang, B.; Han, G.; Cui, Y.; Su, G. M.; Wang, C.; Gao, B.; Yu, R.; Zhang, H.; Yi, Y.; Woo, H. Y.; Ade, H.; Hou, J. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29,1700254. doi: 10.1002/adma.201700254
[98]	Xie, D.; Liu, T.; Gao, W.; Zhong, C.; Huo, L.; Luo, Z.; Wu, K.; Xiong, W.; Liu, F.; Sun, Y.; Yang, C. Solar RRL 2017, 1,1700044.
[99]	Liu, T.; Pan, X.; Meng, X.; Liu, Y.; Wei, D.; Ma, W.; Huo, L.; Sun, X.; Lee, T. H.; Huang, M.; Choi, H.; Kim, J. Y.; Choy, W. C.; Sun, Y. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29,1604251.
[100]	Luo, Z.; Liu, T.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, G.; Sun, R.; Chen, Z.; Zhong, C.; Wu, J.; Chen, Y.; Zhang, M.; Zou, Y.; Ma, W.; Yan, H.; Min, J.; Li, Y.; Yang, C. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9,1900041.
[101]	Cui, Y.; Yao, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, T.; Wang, Y.; Hong, L.; Xian, K.; Xu, B.; Zhang, S.; Peng, J.; Wei, Z.; Gao, F.; Hou, J. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10,2515. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10351-5 pmid: 31175276
[102]	Yang, C.; Zhang, S.; Ren, J.; Gao, M.; Bi, P.; Ye, L.; Hou, J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2020, 13,2864. doi: 10.1039/D0EE01763A
[103]	Luo, Z.; Ma, R.; Liu, T.; Yu, J.; Xiao, Y.; Sun, R.; Xie, G.; Yuan, J.; Chen, Y.; Chen, K.; Chai, G.; Sun, H.; Min, J.; Zhang, J.; Zou, Y.; Yang, C.; Lu, X.; Gao, F.; Yan, H. Joule 2020, 4,1236. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.03.023
[104]	Li, S.; Zhan, L.; Jin, Y.; Zhou, G.; Lau, T. K.; Qin, R.; Shi, M.; Li, C. Z.; Zhu, H.; Lu, X.; Zhang, F.; Chen, H. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32,2001160. doi: 10.1002/adma.v32.24
[105]	Lin, Y.; He, Q.; Zhao, F.; Huo, L.; Mai, J.; Lu, X.; Su, C. J.; Li, T.; Wang, J.; Zhu, J.; Sun, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhan, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138,2973. doi: 10.1021/jacs.6b00853 pmid: 26909887
[106]	Li, Y.; Zheng, N.; Yu, L.; Wen, S.; Gao, C.; Sun, M.; Yang, R. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31,1807832. doi: 10.1002/adma.v31.12
[107]	Lin, Y.; Zhao, F.; He, Q.; Huo, L.; Wu, Y.; Parker, T. C.; Ma, W.; Sun, Y.; Wang, C.; Zhu, D.; Heeger, A. J.; Marder, S. R.; Zhan, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138,4955. pmid: 27015115
[108]	Yang, Y.; Zhang, Z. G.; Bin, H.; Chen, S.; Gao, L.; Xue, L.; Yang, C.; Li, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138,15011. pmid: 27776415
[109]	Fei, Z.; Eisner, F. D.; Jiao, X.; Azzouzi, M.; Rohr, J. A.; Han, Y.; Shahid, M.; Chesman, A. S. R.; Easton, C. D.; McNeill, C. R.; Anthopoulos, T. D.; Nelson, J.; Heeney, M. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1705209.
[110]	Dai, S.; Zhou, J.; Chandrabose, S.; Shi, Y.; Han, G.; Chen, K.; Xin, J.; Liu, K.; Chen, Z.; Xie, Z.; Ma, W.; Yi, Y.; Jiang, L.; Hodgkiss, J. M.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32,2000645.
[111]	Wang, J.; Wang, W.; Wang, X.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Yan, C.; Ma, W.; You, W.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29,1702125.
[112]	Wang, J.; Zhang, J.; Xiao, Y.; Xiao, T.; Zhu, R.; Yan, C.; Fu, Y.; Lu, G.; Lu, X.; Marder, S. R.; Zhan, X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140,9140. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b04027 pmid: 29968472
[113]	Zhang, Z.; Yu, J.; Yin, X.; Hu, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Sun, J.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, F.; Russell, T. P.; Liu, F.; Tang, W. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28,1705095.
[114]	Liu, S.; Yuan, J.; Deng, W.; Luo, M.; Xie, Y.; Liang, Q.; Zou, Y.; He, Z.; Wu, H.; Cao, Y. Nat. Photon. 2020, 14,300.
[115]	Lin, Y.; Zhang, Z.-G.; Bai, H.; Wang, J.; Yao, Y.; Li, Y.; Zhu, D.; Zhan, X. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8,610. doi: 10.1039/C4EE03424D
[116]	Yao, H.; Chen, Y.; Qin, Y.; Yu, R.; Cui, Y.; Yang, B.; Li, S.; Zhang, K.; Hou, J. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28,8283. doi: 10.1002/adma.201602642 pmid: 27380468
[117]	Yao, H.; Cui, Y.; Yu, R.; Gao, B.; Zhang, H.; Hou, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56,3045.
[118]	Liu, Y.; Li, M.; Yang, J.; Xue, W.; Feng, S.; Song, J.; Tang, Z.; Ma, W.; Bo, Z. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9,1901280.
[119]	Wu, Y.; Bai, H.; Wang, Z.; Cheng, P.; Zhu, S.; Wang, Y.; Ma, W.; Zhan, X. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8,3215.
[120]	Holliday, S.; Ashraf, R. S.; Wadsworth, A.; Baran, D.; Yousaf, S. A.; Nielsen, C. B.; Tan, C. H.; Dimitrov, S. D.; Shang, Z.; Gasparini, N.; Alamoudi, M.; Laquai, F.; Brabec, C. J.; Salleo, A.; Durrant, J. R.; McCulloch, I. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7,11585. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11585 pmid: 27279376
[121]	Liu, F.; Zhang, J.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, J.; Wei, Z.; Zhu, X. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5,16573.
[122]	Xiao, B.; Du, M.; Wang, X.; Xiao, Z.; Li, G.; Tang, A.; Ding, L.; Geng, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhou, E. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2020, 12,1094. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b16662 pmid: 31833354
[123]	Wang, J.; Li, T.; Wang, X.; Xiao, Y.; Zhong, C.; Wang, J.; Liu, K.; Lu, X.; Zhan, X.; Chen, X. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2019, 11,26005. doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b08007 pmid: 31294959
[124]	Xu, X.; Zhang, G.; Yu, L.; Li, R.; Peng, Q. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31,1906045.
[125]	Zhang, J.; Yan, C.; Wang, W.; Xiao, Y.; Lu, X.; Barlow, S.; Parker, T. C.; Zhan, X.; Marder, S. R. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30,309. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b04499
[126]	Zhang, Z.-G.; Yang, Y.; Yao, J.; Xue, L.; Chen, S.; Li, X.; Morrison, W.; Yang, C.; Li, Y. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56,13503.
[127]	Meng, Y.; Wu, J.; Guo, X.; Su, W.; Zhu, L.; Fang, J.; Zhang, Z.-G.; Liu, F.; Zhang, M.; Russell, T. P.; Li, Y. Sci. China-Chem. 2019, 62,845.
[128]	Jia, T.; Zhang, J.; Zhong, W.; Liang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Dong, S.; Ying, L.; Liu, F.; Wang, X.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. Nano Energy 2020, 72,104718. doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104718
[129]	Yu, Z. P.; Liu, Z. X.; Chen, F. X.; Qin, R.; Lau, T. K.; Yin, J. L.; Kong, X.; Lu, X.; Shi, M.; Li, C. Z.; Chen, H. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10,2152. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10098-z pmid: 31089140
[130]	Chen, Y. N.; Li, M.; Wang, Y.; Wang, J.; Zhang, M.; Zhou, Y.; Yang, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, F.; Tang, Z.; Bao, Q.; Bo, Z. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59,22714.
[131]	Zhao, R.; Wang, N.; Yu, Y.; Liu, J. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32,1308. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b04997
[132]	Jiang, X.; Yang, J.; Karuthedath, S.; Li, J.; Lai, W.; Li, C.; Xiao, C.; Ye, L.; Ma, Z.; Tang, Z.; Laquai, F.; Li, W. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59,21683. doi: 10.1002/anie.v59.48
[133]	Yip, H.-L.; Jen, A. K. Y. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5,5994. doi: 10.1039/c2ee02806a
[134]	Shrotriya, V.; Li, G.; Yao, Y.; Chu, C.-W.; Yang, Y. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 88,073508.
[135]	Xu, H.; Yuan, F.; Zhou, D.; Liao, X.; Chen, L.; Chen, Y. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8,11478. doi: 10.1039/D0TA03511D
[136]	Cui, Y.; Xu, B.; Yang, B.; Yao, H.; Li, S.; Hou, J. Macromolecules 2016, 49,8126.
[137]	Zheng, Z.; Hu, Q.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, D.; Wang, J.; Xie, S.; Wang, R.; Qin, Y.; Li, W.; Hong, L.; Liang, N.; Liu, F.; Zhang, Y.; Wei, Z.; Tang, Z.; Russell, T. P.; Hou, J.; Zhou, H. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1801801.
[138]	Huang, F.; Wu, H.; Wang, D.; Yang, W.; Cao, Y. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16,708.
[139]	Yang, T.; Wang, M.; Duan, C.; Hu, X.; Huang, L.; Peng, J.; Huang, F.; Gong, X. Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5,8208.
[140]	He, Z.; Zhong, C.; Su, S.; Xu, M.; Wu, H.; Cao, Y. Nat. Photon. 2012, 6,591. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.190
[141]	Wu, Z.; Sun, C.; Dong, S.; Jiang, X. F.; Wu, S.; Wu, H.; Yip, H. L.; Huang, F.; Cao, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016, 138,2004. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5b12664 pmid: 26794827
[142]	Zhang, Z.-G.; Qi, B.; Jin, Z.; Chi, D.; Qi, Z.; Li, Y.; Wang, J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2014, 7,1966. doi: 10.1039/c4ee00022f
[143]	Yao, J.; Qiu, B.; Zhang, Z. G.; Xue, L.; Wang, R.; Zhang, C.; Chen, S.; Zhou, Q.; Sun, C.; Yang, C.; Xiao, M.; Meng, L.; Li, Y. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11,2726. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16509-w pmid: 32483159
[144]	Zhou, Y.; Fuentes-Hernandez, C.; Shim, J.; Meyer, J.; Giordano, A. J.; Li, H.; Winget, P.; Papadopoulos, T.; Cheun, H.; Kim, J.; Fenoll, M.; Dindar, A.; Haske, W.; Najafabadi, E.; Khan, T. M.; Sojoudi, H.; Barlow, S.; Graham, S.; Brédas, J.-L.; Marder, S. R.; Kahn, A.; Kippelen, B. Science 2012, 336,327. doi: 10.1126/science.1218829 pmid: 22517855
[145]	Ouyang, X.; Peng, R.; Ai, L.; Zhang, X.; Ge, Z. Nat. Photon. 2015, 9,520. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2015.126
[146]	Page, Z. A.; Liu, Y.; Duzhko, V. V.; Russell, T. P.; Emrick, T. Science 2014, 346,441. doi: 10.1126/science.1255826 pmid: 25236470
[147]	Zhang, L.; Lin, B.; Hu, B.; Xu, X.; Ma, W. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1800343. doi: 10.1002/adma.201800343
[148]	Sun, R.; Wu, Q.; Guo, J.; Wang, T.; Wu, Y.; Qiu, B.; Luo, Z.; Yang, W.; Hu, Z.; Guo, J.; Shi, M.; Yang, C.; Huang, F.; Li, Y.; Min, J. Joule 2020, 4,407. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.12.004
[149]	Cheng, P.; Zhan, X. Mater. Horiz. 2015, 2,462. doi: 10.1039/C5MH00090D
[150]	Huang, W.; Cheng, P.; Yang, Y. M.; Li, G.; Yang, Y. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1705706. doi: 10.1002/adma.201705706
[151]	Cheng, P.; Wang, R.; Zhu, J.; Huang, W.; Chang, S. Y.; Meng, L.; Sun, P.; Cheng, H. W.; Qin, M.; Zhu, C.; Zhan, X.; Yang, Y. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1705243. doi: 10.1002/adma.201705243
[152]	Wang, Y.; Jia, B.; Wang, J.; Xue, P.; Xiao, Y.; Li, T.; Wang, J.; Lu, H.; Tang, Z.; Lu, X.; Huang, F.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32,2002066. doi: 10.1002/adma.v32.29
[153]	Cheng, P.; Wang, J.; Zhan, X.; Yang, Y. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10,2000746. doi: 10.1002/aenm.v10.21
[154]	Wang, W.; Wang, J.; Zheng, Z.; Hou, J. Acta Chim. Sinica 2020, 78,382. (in Chinese) doi: 10.6023/A20020032
	( 王文璇, 王建邱, 郑众, 侯剑辉, 化学学报, 2020, 78,382.)
[155]	Meng, L.; Zhang, Y.; Wan, X.; Li, C.; Zhang, X.; Wang, Y.; Ke, X.; Xiao, Z.; Ding, L.; Xia, R.; Yip, H.-L.; Cao, Y.; Chen, Y. Science 2018, 361,1094. doi: 10.1126/science.aat2612 pmid: 30093603
[156]	Lin, Y.; Zhao, F.; Prasad, S. K. K.; Chen, J.-D.; Cai, W.; Zhang, Q.; Chen, K.; Wu, Y.; Ma, W.; Gao, F.; Tang, J.-X.; Wang, C.; You, W.; Hodgkiss, J. M.; Zhan, X. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30,1706363. doi: 10.1002/adma.201706363
[157]	Chandrabose, S.; Chen, K.; Barker, A. J.; Sutton, J. J.; Prasad, S. K. K.; Zhu, J.; Zhou, J.; Gordon, K. C.; Xie, Z.; Zhan, X.; Hodgkiss, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141,6922. doi: 10.1021/jacs.8b12982 pmid: 30964678
[158]	Firdaus, Y.; Le Corre, V. M.; Karuthedath, S.; Liu, W.; Markina, A.; Huang, W.; Chattopadhyay, S.; Nahid, M. M.; Nugraha, M. I.; Lin, Y.; Seitkhan, A.; Basu, A.; Zhang, W.; McCulloch, I.; Ade, H.; Labram, J.; Laquai, F.; Andrienko, D.; Koster, L. J. A.; Anthopoulos, T. D. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11,5220. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19029-9 pmid: 33060574
[159]	Guo, Q.; Liu, Y.; Liu, M.; Zhang, H.; Qian, X.; Yang, J.; Wang, J.; Xue, W.; Zhao, Q.; Xu, X.; Ma, W.; Tang, Z.; Li, Y.; Bo, Z. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32,2003164. doi: 10.1002/adma.v32.50
[160]	Sun, C.; Qin, S.; Wang, R.; Chen, S.; Pan, F.; Qiu, B.; Shang, Z.; Meng, L.; Zhang, C.; Xiao, M.; Yang, C.; Li, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142,1465. doi: 10.1021/jacs.9b09939 pmid: 31904234
[161]	Zhong, Y.; Causa, M.; Moore, G. J.; Krauspe, P.; Xiao, B.; Gunther, F.; Kublitski, J.; Shivhare, R.; Benduhn, J.; BarOr, E.; Mukherjee, S.; Yallum, K. M.; Rehault, J.; Mannsfeld, S. C. B.; Neher, D.; Richter, L. J.; DeLongchamp, D. M.; Ortmann, F.; Vandewal, K.; Zhou, E.; Banerji, N. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11,833. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14549-w pmid: 32047157
[162]	Xu, Y.; Yao, H.; Ma, L.; Hong, L.; Li, J.; Liao, Q.; Zu, Y.; Wang, J.; Gao, M.; Ye, L.; Hou, J. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2020, 59,9004. doi: 10.1002/anie.v59.23
[163]	Hou, J.; Inganas, O.; Friend, R. H.; Gao, F. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17,119. doi: 10.1038/nmat5063 pmid: 29358765
[164]	Zhang, G.; Chen, X. K.; Xiao, J.; Chow, P. C. Y.; Ren, M.; Kupgan, G.; Jiao, X.; Chan, C. C. S.; Du, X.; Xia, R.; Chen, Z.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Liu, Y.; Zou, Y.; Yan, H.; Wong, K. S.; Coropceanu, V.; Li, N.; Brabec, C. J.; Bredas, J. L.; Yip, H. L.; Cao, Y. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11,3943. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17867-1 pmid: 32770068
[165]	Guo, J.; Min, J. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9,1802521. doi: 10.1002/aenm.v9.3
[166]	Gevorgyan, S. A.; Madsen, M. V.; Roth, B.; Corazza, M.; Hösel, M.; Søndergaard, R. R.; Jørgensen, M.; Krebs, F. C. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016, 6,1501208. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201501208
[167]	Wang, C.; Ni, S.; Braun, S.; Fahlman, M.; Liu, X. J. Mater. Chem. C 2019, 7,879. doi: 10.1039/C8TC05475D
[168]	Kotova, M. S.; Londi, G.; Junker, J.; Dietz, S.; Privitera, A.; Tvingstedt, K.; Beljonne, D.; Sperlich, A.; Dyakonov, V. Mater. Horiz. 2020, 7,1641. doi: 10.1039/D0MH00286K
[169]	Guo, J.; Wu, Y.; Sun, R.; Wang, W.; Guo, J.; Wu, Q.; Tang, X.; Sun, C.; Luo, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Chang, K.; Yuan, J.; Li, T.; Tang, W.; Zhou, E.; Ding, L.; Xiao, Z.; Zou, Y.; Zhan, X.; Yang, C.; Li, Z.; Brabec, C. J.; Li, Y.; Min, J. J. Mater. Chem. A 2019, 7,25088. doi: 10.1039/C9TA09961A
[170]	Du, X.; Heumueller, T.; Gruber, W.; Classen, A.; Unruh, T.; Li, N.; Brabec, C. J. Joule 2019, 3,215. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.09.001
[171]	Zhu, Y.; Gadisa, A.; Peng, Z.; Ghasemi, M.; Ye, L.; Xu, Z.; Zhao, S.; Ade, H. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9,1900376.
[172]	Xu, X.; Xiao, J.; Zhang, G.; Wei, L.; Jiao, X.; Yip, H.-L.; Cao, Y. Sci. Bull. 2020, 65,208. doi: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.10.019
[173]	Wang, G.; Adil, M. A.; Zhang, J.; Wei, Z. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31,1805089.
[174]	Cui, Y.; Yao, H.; Hong, L.; Zhang, T.; Tang, Y.; Lin, B.; Xian, K.; Gao, B.; An, C.; Bi, P.; Ma, W.; Hou, J. Natl. Sci. Rev. 2020, 7,1239. doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwz200
[175]	Huang, K.-M.; Lin, C.-M.; Chen, S.-H.; Li, C.-S.; Hu, C.-H.; Zhang, Y.; Meng, H.-F.; Chang, C.-Y.; Chao, Y.-C.; Zan, H.-W.; Huo, L.; Yu, P. Solar RRL 2019, 3,1900071.
[176]	Green, M. A.; Dunlop, E. D.; Hohl-Ebinger, J.; Yoshita, M.; Kopidakis, N.; Ho-Baillie, A. W. Y. Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl. 2019, 28,3. doi: 10.1002/pip.v28.1
[177]	Dai, S.; Zhan, X. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8,1800002.
[178]	Chang, S.-Y.; Cheng, P.; Li, G.; Yang, Y. Joule 2018, 2,1039. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.005
[179]	Li, Y.; Xu, G.; Cui, C.; Li, Y. Adv. Energy Mater. 2018, 8,1701791.
[180]	Cui, Y.; Wang, Y.; Bergqvist, J.; Yao, H.; Xu, Y.; Gao, B.; Yang, C.; Zhang, S.; Inganäs, O.; Gao, F.; Hou, J. Nat. Energy 2019, 4,768.
[181]	Song, W.; Fanady, B.; Peng, R.; Hong, L.; Wu, L.; Zhang, W.; Yan, T.; Wu, T.; Chen, S.; Ge, Z. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10,2000136. doi: 10.1002/aenm.v10.15
[182]	Xie, Y.; Xia, R.; Li, T.; Ye, L.; Zhan, X.; Yip, H. L.; Sun, Y. Small Methods 2019, 3,1900424.
[183]	Liu, Q.; Gerling, L. G.; Bernal-Texca, F.; Toudert, J.; Li, T.; Zhan, X.; Martorell, J. Adv. Energy Mater. 2020, 10,1904196.
[184]	Li, X.; Xia, R.; Yan, K.; Ren, J.; Yip, H.-L.; Li, C.-Z.; Chen, H. ACS Energy Lett. 2020, 5,3115.
[185]	Sun, C.; Xia, R.; Shi, H.; Yao, H.; Liu, X.; Hou, J.; Huang, F.; Yip, H.-L.; Cao, Y. Joule 2018, 2,1816.
[186]	Xia, R.; Brabec, C. J.; Yip, H.-L.; Cao, Y. Joule 2019, 3,2241. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.06.016
[187]	Liu, Y.; Cheng, P.; Li, T.; Wang, R.; Li, Y.; Chang, S. Y.; Zhu, Y.; Cheng, H. W.; Wei, K. H.; Zhan, X.; Sun, B.; Yang, Y. ACS Nano 2019, 13,1071. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08577 pmid: 30604955
[188]	Sun, Y.; Chang, M.; Meng, L.; Wan, X.; Gao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, K.; Sun, Z.; Li, C.; Liu, S.; Wang, H.; Liang, J.; Chen, Y. Nat. Electron. 2019, 2,513. doi: 10.1038/s41928-019-0315-1
[189]	Chen, X.; Xu, G.; Zeng, G.; Gu, H.; Chen, H.; Xu, H.; Yao, H.; Li, Y.; Hou, J.; Li, Y. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32,1908478. doi: 10.1002/adma.v32.14
[190]	Ma, L.-K.; Chen, Y.; Chow, P. C. Y.; Zhang, G.; Huang, J.; Ma, C.; Zhang, J.; Yin, H.; Hong Cheung, A. M.; Wong, K. S.; So, S. K.; Yan, H. Joule 2020, 4,1486. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2020.05.010
[191]	Krebs, F. C.; Espinosa, N.; Hosel, M.; Sondergaard, R. R.; Jorgensen, M. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26,29. b1f8a14d-bedd-47ed-b980-56a0d640d745 doi: 10.1002/adma.201302031
[192]	Berny, S.; Blouin, N.; Distler, A.; Egelhaaf, H. J.; Krompiec, M.; Lohr, A.; Lozman, O. R.; Morse, G. E.; Nanson, L.; Pron, A.; Sauermann, T.; Seidler, N.; Tierney, S.; Tiwana, P.; Wagner, M.; Wilson, H. Adv. Sci. 2016, 3,1500342.