水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展

doi:10.6023/A20090441

化学学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 79 ›› Issue (3): 238-256.DOI: 10.6023/A20090441 上一篇下一篇

综述

水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展

李佳欣^a, 李蓓^b, 王纪康^a, 何蕾^a^,^*(), 赵宇飞^a^,^*()

a 北京化工大学化学学院化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室北京 100029
b 澳大利亚昆士兰大学生物工程与纳米技术国家研究所澳大利亚布里斯班 QLD 4072

投稿日期:2020-09-23 发布日期:2020-12-24
通讯作者: 何蕾, 赵宇飞

作者简介:

李佳欣, 北京化工大学在读博士, 2017 年 6 月于北京化工大学理学院应用化学专业获得学士学位, 随后加入北京化工大学化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室宋宇飞教授课题组, 主要研究方向为水滑石光催化精细化学品的合成.

李蓓博士, 2015年6月于北京化工大学化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室卫敏课题组获得硕士学位, 随后加入澳大利亚昆士兰大学生物工程与纳米技术国家研究所Zhi Ping (Gordon) Xu课题组, 并于2019年9月获得博士学位. 主要研究方向为多功能纳米材料的生物医学应用.

何蕾博士, 北京化工大学副教授、硕士生导师. 主要致力于疾病相关生物靶分子的药物设计、仿生光电催化等交叉领域的研究.

赵宇飞, 北京化工大学化学学院教授, 博士生导师. 入选中国科协“青年人才托举工程”计划, 2019年度国家自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金获得者.
工作围绕水滑石基二维插层材料的可控合成及精细结构表征, 面向高值精细化学品的光/电催化合成. 近年来以第一/通讯作者在Chem. Soc. Rev., J. Am. Soc. Chem., Angew Chem., Adv. Mater., Chem, Joule, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.等期刊上发表SCI收录论文30余篇; 累计SCI他引4500余次; 5篇入选ESI高被引论文, 已授权国家发明专利19项.

基金资助:
项目受国家自然科学基金(21878008); 项目受国家自然科学基金(22007004); 北京自然科学基金(2182047); 北京自然科学基金(2202036); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(buctrc202010)

Recent Advances in Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Derivatives for Biomedical Applications

Jiaxin Li^a, Bei Li^b, Jikang Wang^a, Lei He^a(), Yufei Zhao^a()

a State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029
b Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia

Received:2020-09-23 Published:2020-12-24
Contact: Lei He, Yufei Zhao
About author:
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878008); National Natural Science Foundation of China(22007004); Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(2182047); Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(2202036); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(buctrc202010)

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摘要/Abstract

生物医学涉及到人类健康相关的多个领域: 临床医疗、公共卫生、医药研发等多个方面. 其中在医药研发领域, 基于插层结构的纳米药物载体的研发已经成为重要发展方向之一. 水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物具有成本低、合成简单、载药高效、细胞膜透过率高、生物相容性好、易降解等优点, 在生物医药领域得到了广泛关注. 本文主要介绍了LDHs及其衍生物的制备方法, 以及在抗菌治疗、生物成像和肿瘤治疗等方面的应用. 此外, 还简述了LDHs材料的规模化生产方法和现状, 进一步分析了LDHs的实际应用前景. 最后, 对LDHs材料在生物医药领域的未来发展方向进行了展望.

关键词: 水滑石, 生物医药, 杀菌, 肿瘤治疗, 生物成像

With the awareness of human and public health increasing, biomedical research has been paid more and more attention. 2D intercalation materials with versatile physicochemical advantages have attracted extensive interest in biomedical applications. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), as a class of typical 2D materials, have been widely utilized as various multi-function materials and exhibited great promise in biomedical applications. The general chemical formula of LDHs can be described as [M2+ 1–x M3+ x (OH)₂]^q⁺(Aⁿ^–)_q_/_n·yH₂O, where M²⁺ and M³⁺ refer to divalent and trivalent mental cations, respectively, and Aⁿ^– is an exchangeable anion, including inorganic, organic, biological compound, and even gene. LDHs have attracted a great attention in the field of biomaterials due to their good biocompatibility, pH sensitivity, biodegradability, high intracellular delivery efficacy and low cost, etc. In this review, we summarize the development of LDHs and related nanocomposites for biomedical applications including sterilization, cancer therapy, bioimaging, etc. In general, the LDH-based sterilization materials can be divided into four categories. The first type is the pristine LDHs and their derivatives named mixed mental oxides (MMO). The second type is organo-modified LDHs nanostructures, including surface modified LDHs and interlayer assembled biomaterials, which embed antibacterial agents or other biomolecules in the interlayer spaces. The last two are enzyme immobilized LDHs and Ag NPs deposited LDHs, respectively. In addition to sterilization, LDHs have also been applied to cancer diagnosis and therapy. We mainly introduce three types of cancer monotherapy, including photodynamic, photothermal and chemodynamic therapy. Moreover, cancer combination therapy and bioimaging for cancer diagnosis are also discussed. Furthermore, the large-scale synthesis of LDH-based materials plays a fundamental role in the potential biomedical applications in the future. Therefore, we summarize the feasible methods of large-scale production of LDHs reported in recent years. Among them, the SNAS (separate nucleation and aging steps) method with a simple and quick operation, and has realized the industrial scale-up production of LDHs. Finally, we also discussed the future challenges and opportunities of LDH-based biomaterials.

Key words: layered double hydroxides, biomedical, antibacterial, cancer therapy, large-scale production

引用此文

李佳欣, 李蓓, 王纪康, 何蕾, 赵宇飞. 水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展[J]. 化学学报, 2021, 79(3): 238-256.

Jiaxin Li, Bei Li, Jikang Wang, Lei He, Yufei Zhao. Recent Advances in Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Derivatives for Biomedical Applications[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2021, 79(3): 238-256.

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图/表 24

图1. 具有特殊物理、化学性质的LDHs纳米材料在生物医药领域的应用[8-10]

Figure 1. Biomedical applications of LDHs nanomaterials with unique physical and chemical properties[8-10]

图2. LDH结构示意图与元素周期表. (目前已被报道可以进入LDH主体层板或者锚定在层板上的金属元素在元素周期表中用蓝色突出显示[27])

Figure 2. Structure of layered double hydroxide (LDH) and the periodic table. (The metals elements in LDH structure have been highlighted in the periodic table.[27])

图3. LDHs的制备方法: (a) 离子交换法; (b) 共沉淀法; (c) 煅烧复原法; (d) 剥层重组法[38]

Figure 3. Synthetic methods of layered double hydroxides composite materials. (a) Ion-exchange, (b) co-precipitation, (c) calcination-reconstruction, and (d) exfoliation reassembling [38]

图4. (a) MgO对大肠杆菌的抗菌机理示意图; (b) 所获得的MgO的环形明场球差电镜图像; (c, d) 分别为Mg和O元素相对于平面a上的虚线沿垂直方向的轮廓线, 表示轮廓线上不同位置对应的元素含量[55]

Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of the antibacterial mechanism of MgO against E. coli; (b) aberration-corrected annular bright-field (ABF) image of the MgO sample and (c, d) outlines of Mg and O atoms along the vertical direction with regard to the dotted lines of panel a, which show the atom intensity versus position, respectively [55]

图5. (a, b) 方法A和方法B焙烧得到的合成的超细MgO的X射线衍射光谱(X-ray diffraction, XRD)和透射电镜(Transmission electron microscope, TEM)表征; (c) MgO粒径与杀菌性能关系图; (d) 不同方法(记为A, B, C 和D)合成的LDH前驱体的XRD图[57,58]

Figure 5. (a, b) XRD patterns and TEM images of MMO nanoparticles synthesized by different methods (method A and B) [57]; (c) relationship between particle size of MgO and bactericidal efficacy; (d) XRD patterns for LDHs samples synthesized by different routes (method A, B, C and D)[58]

图6. (a) ZnO/TEM的TEM和HRTEM图; (b) ZnO/LDH对大肠杆菌的抗菌机制的示意图[60]

Figure 6. (a) TEM and HRTEM images of ZnO/LDH; (b) illustration of describing the antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO/LDH towards E. coli.[60]

图7. (a) MMO@C3N4的TEM图; (b) C3N4和MMO@C3N4的能带结构和电荷转移示意图; (c) MMO@C3N4, Ni@C3N4, Fe@C3N4和MMO/C3N4-Mix光合成H2O2的浓度-时间曲线.[61]; (d) ZnTi-MMO和 (e) TiO2-ZnTiO3的TEM图; (f) TiO2-ZnTiO3, ZnTi-MMO和P25光合成H2O2的浓度-时间曲线; (g) H2O2在TiO2-ZnTiO3、ZnTi-MMO、P25上的分解曲线[62]

Figure 7. (a) TEM image of MMO@C3N4; (b) schematic diagram of the band gap and charge transfer pathways of C3N4 and MMO@C3N4; (c) the light-driven H2O2 generation in O2-equilibrated conditions over MMO@C3N4;[61] (d) TEM images of ZnTi-MMO and (e) TiO2-ZnTiO3; The photosynthesis (f) and decomposition (g) H2O2 concentration-time curves on TiO2-ZnTiO3, ZnTi-MMO and P25[62]

图8. Van-TA-Eu-LDHs的制备、结构及细菌标记[64]

Figure 8. Synthesis and structure of Van-TA-Eu-LDHs and the labelling of bacteria [64]

图9. (a) H2O2介导的LDHs /丁酸盐材料在杀菌、消炎等方面的应用示意图; LDH /丁酸盐的体外和体内抗菌活性: (b) 体外环境不同样品对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑制率; (c) 在植入了细菌接种样品一周后拍摄的小鼠上切口照片, 以及在接种样品表面留下的再培养大肠杆菌的照片; (d) 与不同样品直接接触的组织H&E染色结果[42]

Figure 9. (a) Scheme of H2O2-mediated anticancer and antibacterial, metastasis inhibition and anti-inflammatory response abilities of LDH/Butyrate; (b) inhibition ratio of various samples to S. aureus and E. coli.; (c) photographs of the incisions from mice for the implantation of the bacteria-inoculated samples after one week post-implantation, and photographs of the re-cultivated E. coli left on the surface of the implanted samples; (d) H&E-stained tissues in direct contact with various samples: NiTi, LDH and LDH/Butyate[42]

图10. (a) 合成目标化合物DHAD的途径; (b) DHAD/LDH用于抗菌和抗紫外线的示意图[66]

Figure 10. (a) Synthetic pathway to dehydroabietic acid derivatives (DHAD) and (b) a scheme diagram for DHAD/LDH toward bacteria-killing activity and UV protection [66]

图11. LDHs-g-POEGMA-GE复合材料的合成示意图[67]

Figure 11. Synthesis of LDHs-g-POEGMA-GE composite material [67]

图12. Lyso@LDHs的合成, 结构及其在体内和体外的抗菌作用示意图[72]

Figure 12. Schematic illustration of the fabrication of Lyso@LDHs and their antibacterial application in vitro and in vivo [72]

图13. (a) Ag-LDH涂层的TEM图; (b) Ag-LDH涂层的杀菌性能; 分别在(c)玻璃, (d) LDH涂层和 (e) Ag-LDH涂层上培养大肠杆菌24小时后的表面共聚焦显微镜图(活细胞被染成绿色)[73]

Figure 13. (a) TEM image of Ag-LDH coating; (b) the antimicrobial performances of the Ag-LDH coating on the glass substrate against different bacteria; Confocal microscopy images of E. coli on different substrates: (c) glass, (d) LDH coating, and (e) Ag-LDH coating after 24 h of culture (live cells stained green) [73]

Strategies	Nanometerial	Bacteria	Reference
Pristine LDHs and MMO nanostructures	ZnFe-LDH、ZnAl-LDH	E.coliandS.aureus	Appl. Clay Sci. 2018, 165, 179 ^[50]
	ZnFe-LDH	MRSA, Gram-negative, Gram-positive and fungi	Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 68, 184 ^[51]
	CoFe-LDH	E. coli,S. aureus,St. coccus, andP. aeruginosa	RSC Adv. 2019, 9, 32544 ^[52]
	ZnTi-LDH	S. cerevisiae,S. aureusandE. coli	J. Mater. Chem. B 2013, 1, 5988 ^[13]
	CoV-MMO	E. coli	Appl. Catal., B 2020.261, 118256 ^[77]
	MgAl-MMO	Bacillus subtilis var. nigerand S. aureus	Eur. Phys. J. D 2005, 34, 321 ^[58]
	ZnO/LDH	E.coli and S.aureus	Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2019,81, 585 ^[60]
Organo-modified LDHs	U-LDH/ chitosan	E. coli,S. aureus andP. cyclopium	Polymers, 2019, 11, 1588 ^[78]
	Butyrate-inserted NiTi-LDH	E.coliandS.aureus	Mater. Today, 2017, 20, 238 ^[42]
	LDH/antimicrobial peptides	E. coliandS. aureus	Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19, 23832 ^[79]
	PEO/Mg-Zn-Al LDH	S. aureus	ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 4, 4112 ^[80]
	DHAD/ZnAlTi-LDH	E. coliandS. aureus	RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 9786 ^[66]
LDHs immobilized enzyme	Lysozyme@ZnMgAl-LDH	E. coliandS. aureus	Bioconjugate Chem. 2018, 29, 2090 ^[72]
LDHs immobilized enzyme	HNTs@LDH-Lysozyme	E. coli	ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 2015, 3, 1183 ^[71]
Ag NPs deposited LDHs	Ag-MgAl-LDH	E. coliandS. aureus	Mater. Lett. 2020, 265, 127349 ^[81]
	Ag@Vitamin B9-LDH	E. coli and S. aureus	Polymer, 2018, 154, 188 ^[82]
	Ag-LDH	E. coli and S. aureus	Adv. Funct. Mater. 2012, 22, 780 ^[73]

表1. 近几年LDHs及其衍生物杀菌应用研究概要

Table 1. Summary of LDHs and their derivatives for antibacterial applications in recent years

图14. ZnPc与十二烷基硫酸钠共插层的LDH结构的示意图[84]

Figure 14. Schematic diagram of the ZnPc-SDS/LDH composite [84]

图15. (a) 分别将五种芳香化合物分别限域在LDHs层间, 室温磷光(RTP)作为长寿命三重态激子, 在808 nm NIR激光下有效产生1O2的示意图; (b~e) IPA/LDH与Hela细胞的体外PDT效应[85]

Figure 15. (a) Schematic illustration of LDH nanohybrids with five aromatic RTP species assembled into the interlay of LDH respectively, and the 2D confined long-lived triplet function as photosensiting means for the generation of 1O2 under an 808 nm NIR laser; (b~e) In vitro PDT effects of IPA/LDH with Hela cells. MTT assay of cell viabilities with and without irradiation following (b) IPA and (c) IPA/LDH treatment, respectively. The corresponding Calcein-AM/PI staining images of cells following incubation with (d) IPA and (e) IPA/LDH under light irradiation. Scale bar=50 nm [85]

图16. (a) ICG-FA/LDH结构和光热治疗过程的示意图; (b) 近红外光照射各种样品的温度随时间变化情况; (c) ICG-FA/LDH的光热治疗性能[86]

Figure 16. (a) Schematic representation of the ICG-FA/LDH structure and the PTT process; (b) temperature increase as a function of NIR laser irradiation time over various samples; (c) the PTT performance of ICG-FA/LDH [86]

图17. (a) DOX与ICG共同负载的单层LDHs复合材料的药物输送系统和精准治疗的示意图[90]; (b~f) Gd&Yb-LDH单层纳米片结合ICG与SN38分子示意图及其肿瘤治疗性能[8]

Figure 17. (a) A schematic diagram for DOX&ICG/LDH composite material for drug delivery and therapy precisely; (b) illustration of SN38&ICG/Gd&Yb-LDH nanosheets for imaging and therapy; (c) HRTEM and (d) AFM images of monolayer Gd&Yb-LDH; (e) LC and EE of SN38&ICG onto Gd&Yb-LDH nanosheets with different mass ratios; (f) viability of Hela cells with the drugs concentrations rising from 0.2 to 5.0 mg·mL–1 under NIR irradiation [8]

图18. 带有缺陷的5-FU/Cu-LDH纳米颗粒用于肿瘤诊疗示意图. 5-FU/Cu-LDH纳米粒子具备高效治疗肿瘤的多功能特性, 包括T1-Cu-MR成像, NIR光热和化学疗法. x<6, 表示氢氧化物层中MII/MIII阳离子的配位不饱和[94]

Figure 18. Schematic illustration of defect 5-FU/Cu-LDH nanoparticles for imaging-guided combinational therapy[94]. Multifunctional 5-FU/ Cu-LDH nanoparticle is theranostic nanomedicine for tumor diagnosis and therapy, including T1-weighted Cu-MR imaging, NIR photothermal and chemo-therapies. x<6, meaning unsaturated coordination surrounding of an MII/MIII cation in the hydroxide layer

Applications	Nanomaterial	Performance	Reference
Cancer diagnosis	Mn-LDH	T₁-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T₁-MRI)	Adv. Mater. 2017, 1700373 ^[93]
Cancer diagnosis	CN/LDH	Fluorescence imaging	Adv. Mater. 2017, 1704376 ^[96]
Monotherapy	isophthalic acid/LDH	PDT therapy under 808 nm NIR laser	Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2798 ^[85]
	peptide nucleic acid/LDH	Gene therapy	Small 2020, 16, 1907233 ^[88]
	ZnPc(1.5%)/LDH	PDT therapy under 650 nm	Adv. Funct. Mater. 2014, 24, 3144 ^[84]
	2D PEG/Fe-LDH	Chemodynamic therapy	Adv. Sci. 2018, 5, 1801155 ^[87]
Combination therapy	DOX&ICG/MLDH^a	Fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging and chemo/PTT/ PDT therapy under 808 nm NIR laser ^g	Adv. Mater. 2018, 1707389 ^[90]
	SN38&ICG/Gd&Yb-LDH monolayer^c	Tri-mode imaging (CT, MR and near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging) and chemo/PTT/PDT therapy under 808 nm NIR laser.	Chem. Sci. 2018, 9, 5630 ^[8]
	siRNA/Cu-LDH@PEG-PA/DM	MR, PTT and gene therapy	Small2020, 2002115 ^[89]
Cancer diagnosis and therapy	5-FU/Cu-LDH-25 ^d	T₁-MRI and PTT/chemo-therapy under 808 nm NIR laser.	Biomaterials, 2018, 177, 40 ^[94]
	CD-Ce6/LDH	Fluorescence imaging and PDT therapy under 650 nm NIR light.	Chem. Commun. 2018, 54, 5760 ^[97]
	Ce6&AuNCs/Gd-LDH^e	Magnetic resonance/fluorescence imaging and PDT therapy with a simulated sunlight source.	Biomaterials 2018, 165, 14 ^[98]
	DOX-FA/LDHs ^f	Fluorescence imaging and chemotherapy.	J. Mater. Chem. B 2016, 4, 1331 ^[28]
	ICG-FA/LDH	Fluorescence imaging and PTT therapy under 633 nm with a He-Ne laser.	RSC Adv. 2016, 6, 16608 ^[86]

表2. 近几年LDHs及其衍生物在肿瘤诊疗领域的应用概要

Table 2. Summary of LDHs and their derivatives used for cancer diagnosis and therapy in recent years

图19. 水滑石用作疫苗佐剂,有利于机体产生高效、持久的免疫记忆[9]

Figure 19. LDHs work as vaccine adjuvants, affording efficient and long-term immune memory[9]

图20. LDHs用作RNAi喷剂(基因农药)保护植物抗病虫[10]. dsRNA负载在LDHs的粘附性和稳定性. 洗涤前和洗涤24 h后的拟南芥叶片的共聚焦显微镜图像: (a) Cy3, (b) Cy3-LDH, (c) CMV2b-dsRNA-Cy3, (d) CMV2b-dsRNA-Cy3-LDH; (e, f)为已感染PMMoV病毒的黄原叶分别在喷药处理5和20 d后的照片.

Figure 20. LDHs work for RNAi spray to protect against plant viruses and pests[10]. Adherence and stability of dsRNA loaded into LDHs. Confocal microscopy of Arabidopsis leaves 24 h post treatment before and after washing: shown are images for (a) Cy3 only; (b) Cy3-LDH; (c) CMV2b-dsRNA-Cy3; and (d) CMV2b-dsRNA-Cy3-LDH. (e, f) Images show extent of necrotic lesions on N. tabacum cv. Xanthi leaves challenged with PMMoV virus 5 or 20 d post spray treatment

图21. 成核晶化隔离法及规模化制备[112,113]. (a) 恒定pH值下共沉淀法合成的Mg2Al-LDH的TEM图; (b) 成核晶化隔离法合成的Mg2Al-LDH的TEM图和(c)粒径分布; (d) 胶体磨的结构示意图; (e) 工业生产LDHs装置图片

Figure 21. TEM of Mg2Al-LDH by (a) coprecipitation, (b) separate nucleation and aging steps method; (c) the particle diameter distribution for Mg2Al-LDH with separate nucleation and aging steps method[112]; (d) schematic diagram of a colloid mill[113]

图22. PBS-Mg2Al/HPP复合材料的照片[116]. (a)风机挤出机的输出; (b)辊的出口

Figure 22. Photographies of the PBS-Mg2Al/HPP composite at (a) the output of the fan extruder, and (b) the exit of roll [116]

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水滑石(LDHs)及其衍生物在生物医药领域的研究进展

Recent Advances in Layered Double Hydroxides and Their Derivatives for Biomedical Applications

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